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General Biology 1 > Unit Test #1 > Flashcards

Unit Test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a H-Bond and why is it possible?

A

Attraction force between a low electronegativity atom that is covalently bonded with a high electronegativity atom, with the O or N of the same or another molecule, because a low electronegativity atom will carry a partial positive charge when it is covalently bonded to an atom of higher electronegativity.

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2
Q

What is the difference between an hydrophilic and an hydrophobic molecule?

A

An hydrophilic molecule is and polar so it forms an H-Bond with water. On the other end, an hydrophobic molecule is non-polar so it doesn’t form an H-Bond with water.

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3
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules and their roles?

A

Nucleic Acids: Information
Proteins:Cell Machinery
Carbohydrates and lipids:
Energy, structure, cell signaling, membranes, etc.

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4
Q

Describe the 4 structures in macromolecules.

A

Primary: sequence of monomers
Secondary: general 3D form of a local segments within polymers (part of molecule)
Tertiary: Overall 3D structure of the polymer
Quarternary: arrangement of multiple polymers to form 1 functionnal group.

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5
Q

What is the name of the monomers of nucleic acids? What are the principle molecules of those monomers?

A

They are called nucleotides and they consist of:
1-Sugar molecule
2-Nitrogenous base on the 1’ carbon
3-Phosphate group on the 5’ carbon (outside of the ring)

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6
Q

What is the difference in the monomer of DNA and RNA?

A

The sugar molecules aren’t the same.
-DNA is compose of a deoxyribose
-RNA is composed of a ribose which has 1 more oxygen than deoxyribose.

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7
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines (1 ring):
-Cytosine
-Uracil
-Thymine

Purines (2 rings):
-Guanine
-Adenine

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8
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases pairs?

A

DNA:
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

RNA:
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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9
Q

What is the central dogma with nucleic acids?

A

DNA (information storage) is transcript when thymine is replaced by uracil to become mRNA (info carrier) then mRNA is translate to protein (active cell machinery).

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10
Q

What are the 5 groups in amino acid molecules?

A

There is the side chain (R). An amino group, a central carbon, a carboxyl and a hydrogen.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of R groups?

A

Non-polar:
Always CH bonds ➡️ Hydrophobic

Polar:
Hydrophilic

Charged:
Electrical charged ➡️ hydrophilic

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12
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Peptide links between C-N. (N terminus to C terminus.

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13
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Alpha:
Helix
Right-handed coil resulting from H-Bond

Beta:
Pleated sheet
2 or more polypeptide chain aligned

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14
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Interactions between R-Groups ➡️ subunits.
It give the shape of the molecule

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15
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Overall protein that is compose of 4 subunits

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16
Q

Why do carbohydrates have so much energy?

A

They have H-C-OH bond which have high potential energy. For every C there is an O.

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17
Q

What is the difference between the isomers ⍺ glucose and the β glucose?

A

⍺ Glucose: OH isn’t in the same plane as 6’ carbon

β glucose: OH is in the same plane as 6’ carbon.

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18
Q

What is the difference between the isomers ⍺ glucose and the β glucose in there functions?

A

⍺ links: energy storage
Starch (plant) and glycogen (animal)

β links: Structure
Cellulose (plant), chitin (animal, fungus), peptidoglycan bacteria

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19
Q

Describe the β links particularity.

A

There are straight chains held by many H-Bonds ➡️Highly pack which gives a fibrous structure. Also, glycosidic linkages are difficult to hydrolyze. That’s why, animals have enzymes in there stomachs.

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20
Q

What are the specificities in the lipid molecules?

A

They have C-H bonds and a little amount of O compared to carbs.

Non-Polar, so insoluble in water

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21
Q

Describe triglycerides molecules structure.

A

It is 3 fatty acids link with glycerol.

Fatty acids: a lot of C-H bonds

Triglycerides: energy and insulation ➡️ fats and oils.

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22
Q

What are the proteins in steroids?

A

Hormones, vitamines and membranes

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23
Q

What is the particularity of phospholipids?

A

There is 2 fatty acids and one phosphate linked to glycerol. This gives an amphipathic molecule.

Fatty acids: hydophobic
Phosphate: hydrophilic

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24
Q

What is the particularity of membranes?

A

Cell membranes are semi permeable

Hydrophobic molecules get through

Small, uncharged polar molecules ➡️ possible to get through

Large, uncharged polar molecules ➡️ repel

Ions ➡️ don’t get through at all

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25
Q

Processes in which macromolecules are crossing the membrane.

A

Taken: endocytosis
Excreted: exocytosis

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26
Q

Describe phagocytosis.

A

Large molecules or entire cells are engulfed (endocytosis for large things).

27
Q

Why are cell small?

A

They are limited:
-Surface area/ volume ratio
-Volume ➡️ stock inside cell
-Surface area ➡️ Interact with environment

28
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenine Triphosphate:
-Cell’s energy currency
-Energy in C-H links
-5 carbon with 3 phosphate group

29
Q

Summarize the cellular respiration equation.

A

Sugar+ O2 ➡️ CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

30
Q

Summarize the photosynthesis equation.

A

CO2 + H2O + Light ➡️ CH20 (carbs) + O2

31
Q

Describe plasma membrane and its role.

A

Phospholipid bilayer:
-Allows cell maintain constant internal environment
-Selectively permeable barrier
-Important in communication and receiving signals
-Often has proteins for blinding with adjacent cells

32
Q

Describe nucleus and its role.

A

-Contains DNA
-DNA replication
-Nucleolus ➡️ assembly of ribosomes
-Genetic control of cell activities

33
Q

Describe ribosomes and its role.

A

Protein synthesis

34
Q

Describe the endomembrane system and the organelles in it.

A

Attach to nucleus.
-Endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus

35
Q

Describe rough ER and its role.

A

-Break new proteins
-Modify and transport proteins

36
Q

Describe smooth ER and its role.

A

-Chemically modifies small molecules (drugs and pesticides)
-Hydrolysis of glycogen
-Synthesis of lipids and steroids

37
Q

Describe Golgi apparatus and its role.

A

-Receive proteins from ER
-Concentrates, packages and sorts proteins
-“Ships” to appropriate location proteins
-Polysaccharides for cell walls are synthesized (plant)

38
Q

Describe lysosomes and its role.

A

Comes from Golgi
-Contain digestive enzymes
-Hydrolysis of macro to monomers

39
Q

Describe mitochondria and its role.

A

Double membrane, makes its own proteins and ribosomes.

-Fuel molecules (ATP)

40
Q

Describe chloroplasts and its role.

A

Double membrane and makes its own ribosomes.

-Site of photosynthesis

41
Q

Describe vacuoles and its role.

A

In plants.

-Structure
-Store waste products and toxic compounds

42
Q

Describe cytoskeleton and its role.

A

Made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.
-Supports and maintains shape
-Positions organelles
-Allows some types of movement
-Some fibers act as support for motor proteins
-Interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place

43
Q

Describe centrosomes and its role.

A

Microtubules.
-Makes mitolic spindle

44
Q

What is the goal of cellular division?

A

Unicellular organisms:
-Reproduction

Multicellular organisms:
-Reproduction
-Growth
-Repair

45
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis:
-Division of somatic (non sex) cells
-Asexual reproduction (cloning)
-Tissue repair
-Body growth
-Replace worn out cells

Meiosis:
-Division of germ (sex) cells
-Sexual reproduction: formation of eggs in ovaries or sperms in the testes

46
Q

What are the 4 events that have to occur for cell division?

A

-Reproductive signal: to initiate cell division
-Replication of DNA
-Segregation: distribution of the DNA into 2 new cells
-Cytokinesis: separation of the 2 new cells (actual process of division)

47
Q

Describe the 3 phases that occur before mitosis in the cell division cycle.

A

G1: Cellular growth and maintenance
S: DNA makes a copy of itself
G2: growth and preparation for mitosis (duplicate centrosomes)

48
Q

What is making advance the division cell cycle in between phases?

A

Chemical substances trigger from one phase to another

-Can be initiated internally or can be (reproductive) signals from other cells
-Based on needs of the WHOLE organism

49
Q

Definite ploidy.

A

It is the number of sets of DNA.

n=1 complete set of DNA

50
Q

Definite diploid cells.

A

2n

Refers to cells that contain 2 sets (one from each parent)

51
Q

Definite haploid cells.

A

n

Refers to cells that contain one set of DNA
↪️Humans: gametes (sperm and egg)

52
Q

Definite homologous chromosomes.

A

-Same chromosome from different set
-One of maternal and one of paternal origin
-Same shape, length and assortment of genes
↪️ Allele: different versions of a gene

53
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis: separation of nucleus

Cytokinesis: separation of cytoplasm

54
Q

Describe prophase in mitosis.

A

-Chromatids condense and become visible
-Nuclear enveloppe and nucleoli disappear
-Centrosomes go to poles and make microtubules (spindle)
↪️Polar microtubule: overlap in center
↪️Kinetochore microtubules: Attach to chromatids

55
Q

Describe metaphase in mitosis.

A

-Centromers go in equatorial plates

56
Q

Describe anaphase in mitosis.

A

-Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of spindle

57
Q

Describe telophase in mitosis.

A

-Spindle breaks down
-Chromosomes uncoil
-Nuclear enveloppe and nucleoli are reformed.

58
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

Division of cytoplasm.

59
Q

Describe meiosis.

A

-Takes 2n cells
-2 nuclear divisions, DNA duplicated only one time.
-Result: 4 genetically novel haploid cells.

60
Q

Describe prophase 1 in meiosis.

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up.

61
Q

Describe anaphase 1 in meiosis.

A

Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite ends of the ce

62
Q

What are the two sources of genetic variations?

A

-Crossing over
-Independent alignment.

63
Q

Describe the characteristics of independent alignment.

A

-Independent random positioning of homologous pairs on metaphase 1
-50/50 chance of daughter cell getting particular parental chromosome

64
Q

Describe nondisjunction.

A

Chromosomes or chromatids do not pull apart at anaphase 1 or 2.

-Aneuploidy: chromosomes lacking or present in excess.

-Polyploidy: nondisjunction over complete set 3n,4n, 5n…

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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