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KNPE 225 > Unit Test 1 > Flashcards

Unit Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism of an organism is seek and maintain conditions within and around cells

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2
Q

how do we maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. maintain OR change amount of a substance in specific compartments
  2. move substances INTO and OUT OF specific compartments
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3
Q

mass balance principle

A

mass can be maintained OR changed by altering the rate at which its being added (INFLOW) relative to the rate at which its being removed (OUTFLOW)

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4
Q

flow principle

A
  1. movement of substances into & out of compartments OR
  2. rate of conversion of a substance
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5
Q

flow (determined by)

A

energy gradient needed to create flow and a conductance

EGxK

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6
Q

conductance

A

determines how much flow can occur for a given energy gradient

*** determines EASE at which flow occurs

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7
Q

energy gradient

A

difference in “energy” from one side of a conductance to the other (EHi - ELo)

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8
Q

example of energy gradient

A

arterial blood pressure = EHi
venous vlood pressure = ELo
- blood flows from arteries to veins

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9
Q

example of conductance

A

alveolar surface area
- determines how easily O2 and CO2 can flow through

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10
Q

what happens to flow if there no energy gradient?

A

flow stops
- because energy gradient creates flow

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11
Q

what happens to flow when there is no conductance?

A

flow stops
- because conductance determines how much flow for a given energy gradient

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12
Q

mass

A

any substance in a compartment

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13
Q

compartment

A

any identified space in your body

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14
Q

balance

A

process of regulating amount of mass

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15
Q

inflow

A

mass is ADDED to the compartment

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16
Q

outflow

A

mass is REMOVED from the compartment

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17
Q

what are the types of mass?

A

volume and concentration

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18
Q

what happened to pressure when volume decreases?

A

pressure decreases
- because pressure is created by volume in a compartment

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19
Q

concentration []

A

a mass that is PART of the contents in a compartment

ex. [blood glucose] - part of contents in the blood, but isn’t all of the contents

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20
Q

volume

A

a mass that is ALL of the contents in a compartment

ex. air in your lungs - multiple gases that make up the full contents of lungs

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21
Q

types of compartments

A
  1. fully enclosed compartment
  2. one end open compartment
  3. section of a compartment
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22
Q

fully enclosed compartment

A

has a structural barrier enclosing all of the compartment

ex. inside of a cell- cell membrane is structural barrier

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23
Q

one end open compartment

A

has an opening at one end of the structural barrier (NOT ENCLOSED)

ex. airways to alveolus

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24
Q

section of a larger compartment

A

has an opening for entry (INFLOW) and an opening for exit (OUTFLOW) from a structural barrier

ex. arteries
- entry for blood at heart & exit at tissues

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25
Q

when does flow increase?

A

if conductance and/or energy gradient increases

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26
Q

when does flow decrease?

A

if conductance and/or energy gradient decreases

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27
Q

ex of conversion of a substance (flow)

A

ADP + Pi = ATP

enzyme = conductance

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28
Q

types of energy

A
  1. (physical) pressure energy (PHi - PLo)
  2. concentration energy ([]Hi - []Lo)
  3. electrical energy (mVHi - mVLo)
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29
Q

if ELo decreases…

A

the energy gradient increases because it becomes a bigger difference, and thereby flow increases

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30
Q

what does disturbance distrupt?

A

inflow and outflow
- disturbance challenges balance

31
Q

control mechanisms

A

adjusts inflow vs. outflow to regulate mass

32
Q

how can a mass be regulated?

A
  1. increase or decrease in inflow/outflow
  2. increase or decrease in conductance
  3. increase or decrease in energy gradient
33
Q

negative feedback control

A

senses disturbance to mass and adjusts inflow & outflow of that mass to correct that disturbance

***CHANGE ALREADY HAPPENED

34
Q

feedforward control model

A

anticipates disturbance to a mass before it happens and changes inflow & outflow to prevent/minimize that disturbance

*** BEFORE CHANGE HAPPENED

35
Q

types of flow

A
  1. convective flow
  2. passive diffusive flow
  3. facilitated diffusive flow
  4. active transport flow
  5. metabolic flow
36
Q

convective flow

A

all of the substance is moving in the SAME DIRECTION

  • determined by physical pressure gradient and conductance
37
Q

ex of convective flow

A
  • flow of blood from LV of heart into aorta
  • flow of air through trachea
38
Q

passive diffusive flow

A

flow occurs from one compartment to another by crossing compartment walls
- different molecules of substances are moving in multiple different directions

  • determined by a [] gradient &/or electrical gradient and conductance
39
Q

ex of passive diffusive flow

A
  • flow of O2 from air in alveoli into blood in a capillary & flow of CO2 in opposite direction
40
Q

facilitated diffusive flow

A

requires a protein in a membrane for substance to diffuse

  • determined by a [] gradient &/or electrical gradient and conductance
41
Q

proteins in facilitated diffusive flow

A
  1. protein is a CHANNEL through which molecules can travel
  2. protein is a CARRIER that binds substances & reconfigure so the substance if facing other side of membrane and can detach
42
Q

active transport flow

A

requires energy from ATP hydrolysis to move substance molecules across membrane so net flow is AGAINST [] or electrical gradient for that substance

  • determined by [] of substance on “UPSTREAM” side of membrane where its actively transported to “DOWNSTREAM” side (and conductance)
43
Q

ex. of active transport flow

A

molecules from area of lesser amount to greater amount = against [] gradient

44
Q

metabolic flow

A

rate at which substrate is converted to product

45
Q

types of gradients

A
  1. physical pressure gradient
  2. concentration gradient
  3. electrical gradient
46
Q

physical pressure gradient

A

created by physical force of a substance in a compartment compared to another compartment

  • drives CONVECTIVE FLOW
47
Q

ex. of physical pressure gradient

A

liquids in a body create force by molecules of liquid pushing against walls of a compartment & each other

ex. volume of blood in arteries creates pressure (arterial BP)

48
Q

concentration gradient

A

created by [] of a substance in a compartment

  • drives DIFFUSIVE FLOW
49
Q

net diffusive flow

A

more molecules in one compartment so they can move into the other causing more molecules to move in that direction compared to the other

50
Q

osmotic gradient

A

created by addition of other molecules (Na+) to one compartment with H20 molecules relative to another compartment

  • lowers [] of water where other molecules are added
51
Q

electrical gradient

A

created by charged molecules (+ve & -ve) & forms across a membrane

***reflects the difference in charge across membrane

52
Q

ex. of electrical gradient

A

resting membrane potential

  • +ve molecules want to move across membrane from one compartment to another if its LESS POSITIVE
  • -ve molecules want to move across membrane from one compartment to another if its LESS NEGATIVE
53
Q

types of conductance

A
  1. tube conductance
  2. membrane conductance
  3. membrane channel/carrier conductance
  4. enzyme conductance
54
Q

tube conductance

A

determines CONVECTIVE FLOW

  • if you change cross-sectional area of tube, conductance changes
55
Q

membrane conductance

A

determines PASSIVE DIFFUSIVE FLOW

  • if you change SA or thickness of a membrane, conductance changes
    ex. increase SA and decrease thickness, conductance increases
56
Q

membrane channel/carrier conductance

A

determines PASSIVE DIFFUSIVE, FACILITATED, & ACTIVE TRANSPORT FLOW

  • if you change number of channels or carriers that are open or active, conductance for flow changes
57
Q

enzyme conductance

A

determines METABOLIC FLOW

  • if you change number of active enzyme sites that can create product, conductance for substrate conversion flow changes
58
Q

regulated mass

A

substance that must stay within a certain range

59
Q

sensor (-ve feedback)

A

monitors levels of reg. mass to provide information to correct INFLOW & OUTFLOW

PROVIDES FEEDBACK

60
Q

afferent pathway (-ve feedback)

A

“information highway” that feedback travels

61
Q

integrator (-ve feedback)

A

uses feedback information to determine if reg. mass is within desired range

IF NOT

it generates commands to alter INFLOW relative to OUTFLOW

62
Q

efferent pathway (-ve feedback)

A

“information highway” that the commands dictating the action of the EFFECTOR travel

63
Q

effector (-ve feedback)

A

creates change in gradient OR conductance for INFLOW & OUTFLOW that restore mass within desired range

64
Q

response variable

A

inflow or outflow

65
Q

disturbance (feedforward)

A

alters reg. mass, or something associated with what it will alter

66
Q

sensor (feedforward)

A

monitors DISTURBANCE to provide information to adjust INFLOW & OUTFLOW to prevent/minimize changes to reg. mass

67
Q

afferent pathway (feedforward)

A

“information highway” where information about DISTURBANCE travels

68
Q

integrator (feedforward)

A

uses immediate information about DISTURBANCE to generate commands to alter INFLOW relative to OUTFLOW

69
Q

efferent pathway (feedforward)

A

“information highway” where commands dictating action of EFFECTOR travel

70
Q

effector (feedforward)

A

creates change in gradient OR conductance for INFLOW & OUTFLOW that restore mass within desired range

71
Q

change in mass =

A

inflow-outflow

72
Q

what does the effector alter?

A

conductance or energy gradient to then alter inflow and outflow

73
Q

benefit of feedforward control

A

reacts rapidly

74
Q

drawback of feedforward control

A

by not sensing the regulated mass, the response may not be adequate

***takes time for a system to learn the best guess

KNPE 225 (2 decks)

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