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Unit Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism of an organism is seek and maintain conditions within and around cells

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2
Q

how do we maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. maintain OR change amount of a substance in specific compartments
  2. move substances INTO and OUT OF specific compartments
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3
Q

mass balance principle

A

mass can be maintained OR changed by altering the rate at which its being added (INFLOW) relative to the rate at which its being removed (OUTFLOW)

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4
Q

flow principle

A
  1. movement of substances into & out of compartments OR
  2. rate of conversion of a substance
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5
Q

flow (determined by)

A

energy gradient needed to create flow and a conductance

EGxK

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6
Q

conductance

A

determines how much flow can occur for a given energy gradient

*** determines EASE at which flow occurs

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7
Q

energy gradient

A

difference in “energy” from one side of a conductance to the other (EHi - ELo)

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8
Q

example of energy gradient

A

arterial blood pressure = EHi
venous vlood pressure = ELo
- blood flows from arteries to veins

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9
Q

example of conductance

A

alveolar surface area
- determines how easily O2 and CO2 can flow through

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10
Q

what happens to flow if there no energy gradient?

A

flow stops
- because energy gradient creates flow

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11
Q

what happens to flow when there is no conductance?

A

flow stops
- because conductance determines how much flow for a given energy gradient

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12
Q

mass

A

any substance in a compartment

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13
Q

compartment

A

any identified space in your body

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14
Q

balance

A

process of regulating amount of mass

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15
Q

inflow

A

mass is ADDED to the compartment

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16
Q

outflow

A

mass is REMOVED from the compartment

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17
Q

what are the types of mass?

A

volume and concentration

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18
Q

what happened to pressure when volume decreases?

A

pressure decreases
- because pressure is created by volume in a compartment

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19
Q

concentration []

A

a mass that is PART of the contents in a compartment

ex. [blood glucose] - part of contents in the blood, but isn’t all of the contents

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20
Q

volume

A

a mass that is ALL of the contents in a compartment

ex. air in your lungs - multiple gases that make up the full contents of lungs

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21
Q

types of compartments

A
  1. fully enclosed compartment
  2. one end open compartment
  3. section of a compartment
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22
Q

fully enclosed compartment

A

has a structural barrier enclosing all of the compartment

ex. inside of a cell- cell membrane is structural barrier

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23
Q

one end open compartment

A

has an opening at one end of the structural barrier (NOT ENCLOSED)

ex. airways to alveolus

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24
Q

section of a larger compartment

A

has an opening for entry (INFLOW) and an opening for exit (OUTFLOW) from a structural barrier

ex. arteries
- entry for blood at heart & exit at tissues

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25
when does flow increase?
if conductance and/or energy gradient increases
26
when does flow decrease?
if conductance and/or energy gradient decreases
27
ex of conversion of a substance (flow)
ADP + Pi = ATP enzyme = conductance
28
types of energy
1. (physical) pressure energy (PHi - PLo) 2. concentration energy ([]Hi - []Lo) 3. electrical energy (mVHi - mVLo)
29
if ELo decreases...
the energy gradient increases because it becomes a bigger difference, and thereby flow increases
30
what does disturbance distrupt?
inflow and outflow - disturbance challenges balance
31
control mechanisms
adjusts inflow vs. outflow to regulate mass
32
how can a mass be regulated?
1. increase or decrease in inflow/outflow 2. increase or decrease in conductance 3. increase or decrease in energy gradient
33
negative feedback control
senses disturbance to mass and adjusts inflow & outflow of that mass to correct that disturbance ***CHANGE ALREADY HAPPENED
34
feedforward control model
anticipates disturbance to a mass before it happens and changes inflow & outflow to prevent/minimize that disturbance *** BEFORE CHANGE HAPPENED
35
types of flow
1. convective flow 2. passive diffusive flow 3. facilitated diffusive flow 4. active transport flow 5. metabolic flow
36
convective flow
all of the substance is moving in the SAME DIRECTION - determined by physical pressure gradient and conductance
37
ex of convective flow
- flow of blood from LV of heart into aorta - flow of air through trachea
38
passive diffusive flow
flow occurs from one compartment to another by crossing compartment walls - different molecules of substances are moving in multiple different directions - determined by a [] gradient &/or electrical gradient and conductance
39
ex of passive diffusive flow
- flow of O2 from air in alveoli into blood in a capillary & flow of CO2 in opposite direction
40
facilitated diffusive flow
requires a protein in a membrane for substance to diffuse - determined by a [] gradient &/or electrical gradient and conductance
41
proteins in facilitated diffusive flow
1. protein is a CHANNEL through which molecules can travel 2. protein is a CARRIER that binds substances & reconfigure so the substance if facing other side of membrane and can detach
42
active transport flow
requires energy from ATP hydrolysis to move substance molecules across membrane so net flow is AGAINST [] or electrical gradient for that substance - determined by [] of substance on "UPSTREAM" side of membrane where its actively transported to "DOWNSTREAM" side (and conductance)
43
ex. of active transport flow
molecules from area of lesser amount to greater amount = against [] gradient
44
metabolic flow
rate at which substrate is converted to product
45
types of gradients
1. physical pressure gradient 2. concentration gradient 3. electrical gradient
46
physical pressure gradient
created by physical force of a substance in a compartment compared to another compartment - drives CONVECTIVE FLOW
47
ex. of physical pressure gradient
liquids in a body create force by molecules of liquid pushing against walls of a compartment & each other ex. volume of blood in arteries creates pressure (arterial BP)
48
concentration gradient
created by [] of a substance in a compartment - drives DIFFUSIVE FLOW
49
net diffusive flow
more molecules in one compartment so they can move into the other causing more molecules to move in that direction compared to the other
50
osmotic gradient
created by addition of other molecules (Na+) to one compartment with H20 molecules relative to another compartment - lowers [] of water where other molecules are added
51
electrical gradient
created by charged molecules (+ve & -ve) & forms across a membrane ***reflects the difference in charge across membrane
52
ex. of electrical gradient
resting membrane potential - +ve molecules want to move across membrane from one compartment to another if its LESS POSITIVE - -ve molecules want to move across membrane from one compartment to another if its LESS NEGATIVE
53
types of conductance
1. tube conductance 2. membrane conductance 3. membrane channel/carrier conductance 4. enzyme conductance
54
tube conductance
determines CONVECTIVE FLOW - if you change cross-sectional area of tube, conductance changes
55
membrane conductance
determines PASSIVE DIFFUSIVE FLOW - if you change SA or thickness of a membrane, conductance changes ex. increase SA and decrease thickness, conductance increases
56
membrane channel/carrier conductance
determines PASSIVE DIFFUSIVE, FACILITATED, & ACTIVE TRANSPORT FLOW - if you change number of channels or carriers that are open or active, conductance for flow changes
57
enzyme conductance
determines METABOLIC FLOW - if you change number of active enzyme sites that can create product, conductance for substrate conversion flow changes
58
regulated mass
substance that must stay within a certain range
59
sensor (-ve feedback)
monitors levels of reg. mass to provide information to correct INFLOW & OUTFLOW PROVIDES FEEDBACK
60
afferent pathway (-ve feedback)
"information highway" that feedback travels
61
integrator (-ve feedback)
uses feedback information to determine if reg. mass is within desired range IF NOT it generates commands to alter INFLOW relative to OUTFLOW
62
efferent pathway (-ve feedback)
"information highway" that the commands dictating the action of the EFFECTOR travel
63
effector (-ve feedback)
creates change in gradient OR conductance for INFLOW & OUTFLOW that restore mass within desired range
64
response variable
inflow or outflow
65
disturbance (feedforward)
alters reg. mass, or something associated with what it will alter
66
sensor (feedforward)
monitors DISTURBANCE to provide information to adjust INFLOW & OUTFLOW to prevent/minimize changes to reg. mass
67
afferent pathway (feedforward)
"information highway" where information about DISTURBANCE travels
68
integrator (feedforward)
uses immediate information about DISTURBANCE to generate commands to alter INFLOW relative to OUTFLOW
69
efferent pathway (feedforward)
"information highway" where commands dictating action of EFFECTOR travel
70
effector (feedforward)
creates change in gradient OR conductance for INFLOW & OUTFLOW that restore mass within desired range
71
change in mass =
inflow-outflow
72
what does the effector alter?
conductance or energy gradient to then alter inflow and outflow
73
benefit of feedforward control
reacts rapidly
74
drawback of feedforward control
by not sensing the regulated mass, the response may not be adequate ***takes time for a system to learn the best guess

KNPE 225 (2 decks)

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