Unit/Sem 1 Biology Exam (Combine with other decks for Unit 1 Examination) Flashcards

Question

Predation

Answer 1

One organism the predator kills/eats part of another organism, the prey for its food.

Answer 2

Overtime the predation relationship results in fluctuation of both population sizes.

Answer 3

The interaction between a disease-causing organism/agent and the host

Answer 4

Symbiosis is the general term for a relationship in which individuals of two or more species live together, benefitting at least one of the species.

Answer 5

parasitism: one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host mutualism: both species in the relationship benefit and neither is harmed commensalism: one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

Answer 6

Parasitism is an interactive relationship between two species: a parasite and a host. The parasite is an organism (such as a bacterium, virus, fungi, worm or arthropod) that lives on or in another organism, known as the host. Dog (Host) and Heartworm (Parasite) Infection

Answer 7

An interactive relationship where both organisms benefit. In the absence of these relationships, many species would become threatened or extinct because they cannot continue to survive by themselves. Hummingbird and Flower (Pollination)

Answer 8

Commensalism is a one-sided interaction between species. Only one of the two organisms involved, the commensal, benefits from the interaction; the other organism does not benefit, but it is not harmed. Cattle Egret (Commensal) and Zebra (Unaffected) - Zebra kicks up beetles and bugs which cattle egret eats while riding zebra

Answer 9

An interaction between two or more different species

Answer 10

Particular set of abiotic and biotic features present in an ecosystem which aids a particular species to survive.

Answer 11

The way in which a species functions in their environment. E.g. when they eat, what they eat, where they live, when they reproduce, relationships with other organisms etc.

Answer 12

Disease Predation Collaboration Competition Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

Answer 13

Ideal niche a species would occupy if there were no competitors, predators or parasites. The fundamental niche of a finch may a whole tree.

Answer 14

Results from an organism’s inability to exploit the resources of its habitat because of restrictions. The realized niche of a finch is from the middle downwards of a tree due to predation and competition (e.g. eagles)

Answer 15

The competitive exclusion principle postulates that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same exact environment over an extended period of time When the species grew as two separate cultures, with a constant source of food, the population numbers increased exponentially until they reached what is known as a carrying capacity of the culture. However, when the two species were grown in the same culture, P. aurelia had a competitive advantage over P. caudatum

Answer 16

Habitat is the area of an environment where an individual of a species lives, feeds and reproduces.

Answer 17

A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live and interact together and with each other

Answer 18

-Ultimate source of energy in food webs - Warms atmosphere that drives all of the geochemical processes, tides, weather systems and ocean currents

Answer 19

Chemotrophic organisms such as Archae bacteria can break down small inorganic chemical compounds containing sulfur etc. for energy and matter

Answer 20

The total amount of biological matter (living or dead) in a given area, at the time of measurement, that can be used as an energy source. Dry weight (g m-2).

Answer 21

Synthesize organic compounds from inorganic raw materials.

Answer 22

Percentage of energy entering an ecosystem which is incorporated into biomass

Answer 23

Rely on autotrophs directly or indirectly for their energy needs and matter needs.

Answer 24

Percentage of energy entering an ecosystem which is incorporated into biomass involving primary producers

Answer 25

How well a producer converts light energy into carbohydrates/sugars (glucose) during photosynthesis. Depends on: - Amount of light - Temperature (rate of chemical reactions) - Availability of raw materials.

Answer 26

Total amount of energy that flows through the producers (kJ m-2 year -1).

Answer 27

Phytoplankton

Answer 28

Net primary productivity (NPP) is the amount of energy available to consumers after cellular respiration. It is calculated by Net production = gross production – energy lost in respiration mass: g m–2 year – 1 energy: kJ m – 2 year – 1

Answer 29

Extraction of energy stored in chemical bonds by cellular respiration (Consumers and producers) Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)

Answer 30

The way in which chemicals (such as nitrogen and carbon) are transferred/transformed or stored between the living and abiotic features of an ecosystem

Answer 31

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of Earth.

Answer 32

Reservoir (Long Term or Large) or Sink Processes that move carbon between these include photosynthesis, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration

Answer 33

Respiration

Answer 34

Decomposition (Decomposers or Detritivores)

Answer 35

Detritivores and Decomposers return the remaining organic carbon inside of dead organisms is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, as both decomposers and detritivores undergo respiration.

Answer 36

They break down dead organic matter (Detritus) into smaller organic parts (e.g. worms)

Answer 37

They feed on carcasses of dead animals e.g vultures and hyaenas

Answer 38

Break down complex organic matter into simple inorganic matter (molecules) which is recycled as nutrients by plants. Common examples are Fungi and Bacteria

Answer 39

In these situations, decomposers may be unable to fully break down the matter, so it will accumulate over time and may form fossil fuels such as coal, and oils and gases derived from them

Answer 40

Things or places where carbon is released into the atmosphere significantly more than is stored

Answer 41

Most abundant element in life. Source of energy and builds up cells. Ammino Acids, Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins

Answer 42

Proteins and ammino acids

Answer 43

- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria - Ammonifiers (decomposers) - Nitrifying bacteria (nitrifiers) - Denitrifying bacteria (denitrifiers)

Answer 44

Nitrogen Fixing bacteria absorb atmospheric nitrogen (N2) from the air and trap it in soil and convert it into ammonium (NH4+). Nitrogen Fixation - Some of these bacteria have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with legume plants so that instead of being free-living in the soil, plants accommodate them as organs on their roots called nodules.

Answer 45

Take organic wastes (animal excrement / dead bodies) convert it into ammonia (NH3). Ammonification Ammonia is only nutritionally useful to legume plants.

Answer 46

Convert Ammonia (NH3) into nitrites (NO2-) then into nitrates (NO3-). This is called Nitrification.

Answer 47

Converts Nitrates (NO3-) to atmospheric nitrogen (N2). Denitrification

Answer 48

- It is a species can exert a large effect on population numbers of other species in the community. -The niche of a keystone species includes highly influential relationships with many species in a food web

Answer 49

Termites are detritivores (think about breaking down of wood and flow on recycling effect)

Answer 50

The Southern Cassowary. Eats parent plant's seeds and excretes it far away and increases biodiversity, therefore termed "The rainforest gardener"

Answer 51

Purple Sea Star - Keeps mussel populations under control

Answer 52

The ecological interactions (biotic and abiotic interactions) that lead to fluctuations in population size. It refers to how populations of a species change in size and structure over time. Rates of reproduction, death and migration are important factors in population dynamics

Answer 53

The maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain

Answer 54

Includes the characteristics of a population, such as age, sex ratios, age structure (the number of organisms for each age group), fertility rate and average number of offspring per female.

Answer 55

Clumped (Schools of Fish) Uniform (Penguin colony) Random (Cacti in desert)

Answer 56

Relatively Dynamically Stable, holding K-selected species

Answer 57

Mainly composed of r-selected species. Have major fluctuations in population sizes. Usually after some sort of natural disaster or calamity. Hosts r-selected opportunistic species.

Answer 58

Usually, they are Endemic. They have longer life spans, take longer to reach maturity, and relatively larger size. More parental care. Examples are oaks, elephants, tortoise, kangaroo. Population growth is usually steady and can approach carrying capacity

Answer 59

May be invasive. r-selected species have shorter life spans, mature faster, and have high breeding capability. Less paternal care. Examples are cane toads, rabbit, weeds etc. Opportunistic species. Peak quickly and crash due to inability for environment to carry such a large number, shorter life spans etc.

Answer 60

Growth Rate refers to the number of individuals being added or subtracted per hundred or per thousand presents in the population per unit of time (usually per year).

Answer 61

An open ecosystem is open to migration and/or immigration after environmental changes

Answer 62

Does not permit migration or immigration to occur. Population sizes normally influenced by births and death

Answer 63

Pop growth rate = (birth rate + immigration rate) - (death rate + emigration rate)

Answer 64

Density: number of organisms per unit area Distribution: Locations and presence of individuals with an area Total Abundance: Total number of organisms Population Fertility: Reproductive capacity of females in a population

Answer 65

The number of organisms, male and female, in age groups (Age Structure)

Answer 66

Because an ecosystem only has a limiting number of resources Population Limiting Factors: - Availability of resources such as food, water, air, light etc. - Predation - Competition

Answer 67

The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources. (No population can increase its size indefinitely.)

Answer 68

Check Notion and Answer

Answer 69

Disease, Predation, Competition, Parasitism Are factors whose severity depends on the density of the overall population which it affects. All individuals of the population do not have the same chance of survival.

Answer 70

Environmental Conditions, Natural Disasters Factors that affect all individuals in a population regardless of how dense the population is. All individuals have an equal chance of survival.

Answer 71

(Total area/Area Sampled) x number of individuals counted

Answer 72

Number of individuals counted/area sampled

Answer 73

Animals are caught randomly without being hurt - They are marked in a way that does not reduce their chance of survival and allowed to mix with unmarked individuals of the population - Random recapture takes place and number of marked organisms and total number of organisms captured are counted

Answer 74

1.There is no birth, death, emigration or immigration (closed population) 2. Identical Sampling methods at all times 3. Marking tag does not affect the survival rate of the animals 4. All members recaptured and captured have an equal chance of being captured

Answer 75

(N) = {No. marked in first sample (M) x total number of animals recaptured (n)}/ number of marked individuals that are recaptured (m)

Answer 76

Used for continuous data When there is a direct trend, line of best fit is appropriate, otherwise points must be connected together.

Answer 77

Qualitative data with limited possibilities

Answer 78

Categorized discrete data

Answer 79

Has the hypothesis been tested fairly

Answer 80

Has there been repetition or replication?

Answer 81

Has the dependent variable been measured fairly?

Answer 82

One that can be fixed by changing the method

Answer 83

Due to carelessness or bias

Answer 84

Unpredictable or Uncontrollable errors - Increase sample size to fix

Answer 85

Reduction: Fewer number of animals needed Refinement: Enhance wellbeing Replacement: Avoid animals or use an animal with lower sentient value

Answer 86

Succession is a process of change in community composition and structure, usually towards the establishment of a stable ecosystem. It includes changes in both the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem over time. When a stable community is established, it is known as a climax community.

Answer 87

Nudation is when a natural disaster etc. leaves an area with bare rock and no organisms or soil

Answer 88

1. Pioneer plants colonies (lichens, liverworts). They secrete organic acids which attack the rocky surface in the process of weathering, allowing windblown dust particles to settle in cracks. 2. Pioneer Plants die living a shallow layer of soil on and in the rock. This leads to moss growth. When the moss dies, nutrients are available to the soil. Over time bacteria, fungi and invertebrates form a small community. Roots weather the rocks more. 3. Early colonising plants are r-selected species. Typically have effective seed dispersal, rapid growth and rapid reproduction. Numbers usually die out when more competitive species move in. 4) New community forms: establishment of autotrophs, small herbivores, immigrant species from surrounding areas. K-selected species Takes hundreds/thousands of years. Increases local biodiversity.

Answer 89

Process of change in an ecosystem when a previously established community is taken over by a new group of organisms. E.g. after flood, fire, human intervention (logging, land clearing). Soil is already present The process starts at STEP 2: Soil formation. It continues with steps 3 then 4 of primary succession. Biodiversity increases. Faster process (50-100 years).

Answer 90

K-Selected Trees, Outcompete other species. e.g. Jarrah Forrest

Answer 91

Fuel, Ignition, Oxygen

Answer 92

Weather and fuel load

Answer 93

Windspeed, Fuel Moisture, Fuel Load etc.

Answer 94

Returns nutrients to the soil that were previously locked up in plant biomass The heat of the fire can lead to biotic changes, because some species of bottlebrushes, hakeas, some acacias and eucalypts regenerate from fire-released seeds The heat of the fire can lead to biotic changes, because some species of bottlebrushes, hakeas, some acacias and eucalypts regenerate from fire-released seeds

Answer 95

Leads to germination of some plant species

Answer 96

Swelling at the trunk of a tree that stores energy that can regenerate the tree If the top is damaged by fire.

Answer 97

These buds are protected by thick bark, which can withstand the intensity of heat from fires. If a fire burns the top/crown of the tree it will stimulate the buds to spout.

Answer 98

Fire regimes are a sequence of fires that results in long term change in an ecosystem. They are determined by: - the season in which fires occur - the intensity of the fires - how frequently the fires occur.

Answer 99

Urbanisation- habitat destruction & fragmentation - Agriculture - Land and soil degradation - Salinity

Answer 100

the total degradation of a habitat, due a human activity that greatly impacts the ecosystem.

Answer 101

the separation of some parts of the habitat of an ecosystem into isolated sections resulting in isolated groups of organisms that were once part of a larger population.

Answer 102

Urbanisation is the extreme modification of an ecosystem by humans to support a human population of gradually increasing density.

Answer 103

Agriculture is the practice of farming, cultivating soil, growing crops, raising animals.

Answer 104

Overgrazing Hard hooves farm animals Shallow rooted plants Reduced tree cover Overuse of fertilizers

Answer 105

Wind erosion is the removal of topsoil by wind

Answer 106

Salination is the increase of salt concentration in agricultural soil which makes it infertile.

Answer 107

Removal of deep-rooted perennial trees for agriculture

Answer 108

1. Human Population increases, leading to more consumption needs 2. Farming increases, with removal of deep-rooted vegetation 3. Deep rooted plants no longer access underground aquifers and use it in transpiration. Shallow rooted plants cannot access the water table 4. Watertable rises, as it rises, salt from surrounding soil dissolves into the water 5. Water evaporates at the soil surface, leaving behind salt in the topsoil, leading to infertility of soil

Answer 109

Introduced species are species that humans have intentionally or unintentionally moved from their native location to a new ecological region.

Answer 110

In their new location, introduced species are are without their natural limiting factors usually limiting their growth (relationships). They are introduced species that establish populations in new areas; out-competing natives, changing the composition and structure of the ecosystem

Answer 111

Means harvesting a species at a rate that exceeds the replenishing rate of the population. The sum of new individuals from births and immigration does not exceed the total individuals lost to death plus emigration. Unsustainable

Answer 112

Eutrophication is a process that occurs when excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, enter a body of water and become highly concentrated, leading to algal bloom

Answer 113

1. Farmers dealing with nutrient-deficient soils use fertilizers. 2. Excess nitrogen and phosphorous not absorbed by roots are often leached from the soil by run-off (rainwater or irrigation). 3. The run-off can reach local water bodies such as lakes and cause algal blooms 4. Blocks sunlight from entering. When this happens, autotrophs that live under the surface die. 5. Algae die and are decomposed by bacteria. 6. As bacteria consume the dead algae, they use large amounts of oxygen from the water, which depletes oxygen levels. The water can become hypoxic (low in oxygen) and possibly anoxic (completely devoid of oxygen). 7. This kills populations of other aquatic organisms such as different species of fish 8. Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 114

Biomagnification is the sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations of a particular non-biodegradable chemical are reached in the tissues of organisms higher up the trophic levels of a food chain. Chemicals accumulate in the next trophic level, leading to increased concentrations of chemicals.

Answer 115

DDT insecticide. It entered the food chains as the pesticide was sprayed on insects that were then eaten by insectivores, in turn eaten by carnivores etc. In humans: higher incidences of cancer, infertility, miscarriage and diabetes. Birds: population decline, thinner eggshells.

Answer 116

Collect ice cores containing bubbles which can be used to analyse past carbon dioxide levels and temperature data. This shows the positive relationship between carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and temperature data

Answer 117

Gases that trap heat in our atmosphere. Methane, Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide

Answer 118

Effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which prevent some of the heat from escaping Earth’s atmosphere. Keeps Earth warm and drives global temperature.

Answer 119

Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, and deforestation have led to a negative increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. This retains too much heat.

Answer 120

Corals have a mutualistic relationship with algae (Zooxanthellae) The coral provides zooxanthellae with a protected environment and compounds/reactants for photosynthesis (Carbon Dioxide, Nitrate, Phosphate). The zooxanthellae produce oxygen and supply coral with the products of photosynthesis (Glucose), they also remove coral wastes.

Answer 121

The Bleaching Threshold is 29.3 degrees. If the temperature stays above this for more than 4 weeks bleaching can occur. This is when the zooxanthellae leave the coral.

Answer 122

Environment, genetic, management (rescue, rehabilitation and treatment)

Answer 123

Deep Sea Corals and Sponges

Answer 124

The percentage of energy passed on to the next trophic level. Usually, 10%. 90% is lost to surroundings as heat energy and chemical energy as wastes.

Answer 125

1. The bottom level should always represent a producer. --- 2. Subsequent levels should be labelled primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer. --- 3. Each trophic level should be drawn to scale. Unless you have alternative data, measure one-tenth the length of the preceding trophic level (this represents the average energy transfer efficiency of 10%). --- 4. Use labelled arrows to indicate energy leaving each trophic level in the form of heat.