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Medical Science > Unit One x > Flashcards

Unit One x Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 5 lifestyle factors which increase the rate of heart disease

A

Genetics , drugs / alcohol, diet , blood pressure, age

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2
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The measure of hydrostatic force of blood against the body’s vessel walls .

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3
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

It is the build up of plaque around the lining of the artery walls and if ruptured causes heart attacks and blood clots .

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

A

Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids .

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5
Q

Explain the difference between monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fat .

A

Monounsaturated- is a fat with only one double carbon bond .
Polyunsaturated- two or more double carbon bond .
Saturated- only single carbon bonds .

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6
Q

Describe the structure of steroid , such as cholesterol

A

Four ringed structure .

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7
Q

Give five roles of fat in the body .

A
  1. Insulation
  2. Protects vital organs
  3. Long term energy store
  4. Cell membranes are made out of it
  5. Supports cell growth
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8
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails .

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9
Q

Do humans have a single or double circulatory system ?

A

Double

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10
Q

What are two advantages of the heart

A

Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood don’t mix therefore as much oxygen as possible gets to the cells .

Fully oxygenated blood can be delivered to cells at high pressure

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11
Q

What does the blood move via

A

Blood moves via mass flow

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12
Q

What is the heart

A

A muscular wall
Contracts to pump blood around the lungs/body
4 chambers

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13
Q

Why do larger organisms need a circulatory system

A

Diffusion is insufficient
Small surface area to volume ratio
High metabolic rate

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14
Q

What are the two types of chambers

A

Atria and ventricles

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15
Q

What separates the atrium and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves separate the atrium and ventricles and prevent back flow

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16
Q

What type of blood does the right side pump

A

Deoxygenated

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17
Q

What type of blood the left side pump

A

Oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Out of atria and ventricles which have thicker and thinner walls

A

Atria have thinner walls
Ventricles have thicker walls

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19
Q

Where does the hearts blood supply come from

A

Coronary arteries

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20
Q

What is the ( proper ) name of the three types of blood cells ?

A

Leucocoyte
Thrombocyte
Erthrocyte

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21
Q

What is the function of each of these ?

A

Leucocyte - to defend the body against infections .
Thrombocyte - to help the blood clot .
Erythrocytes - transport gases and nutrients round the body .

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22
Q

What is the name and function of the the fluid part of the blood ?

A

Plasma
To transport nutrients into cells and to transport toxic substances out of said cell

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23
Q

What are the four blood types ?

A

A
B
AB
O

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24
Q

What is different about each of these blood types ?

A

The different antigens on the outside of the cell and if there is rhesus antigen

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25
Q

What does an ecg trace show ?

A

The electrical activity that spreads through the heart during the cardiac cycle .

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26
Q

Draw and label an ECG trace with the events that happen at each wave .

A

P Wave - depolarisation of the atria corresponding to atrial systole .
QRS wave - spread of depolarisation through the ventricles resulting in ventricular systole.
T wave - repolarisation of the ventricles resulting in ventricular diastole.

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27
Q

How do u carry out an ECG ?

A
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28
Q

Find an ECG and use it to calculate heart rate for that person

A
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29
Q

What is asthma ?

A

It is the swelling and tightening of the bronchi and lots of excess restricting the airway .

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30
Q

What is COPD ?

A

It is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it is a mixture of various respiratory diseases that can cause the airway to be blocked and other breathing issues .

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31
Q

How can each of these affect the ability of a person to exhale ?

A

These can constrict the volume of air that goes into the lungs and the amount that is transferred to the rest of the body and makes the chest feel tight due to the extra strain on this which makes it hard to exhale .

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32
Q

How can each of these affect the lung capacity of a person ?

A

This will mean that the lung capacity will be lower than the average person because of the extra strain and the lack of diffusion happening within the lungs .

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33
Q

What are the things that could give you a false result for a peak flow .

A

Sitting
No seal around the peak flow
Not doing a hard and fast exhale .

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34
Q

What are the limitations of an ecg ?

A

Sometimes are put on in the incorrect places so give a false reading .
It only shows the cardiac cycle for the heart .

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35
Q

What are the limitations of using a blood pressure machine

A

They are lots of ways for it to give a false reading e.g
Arm raised to high
Patient talking /moving
Cuff on upside down
Incorrect cuff size
And drinking / smoking 30 mins before the exam

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36
Q

Define active transport

A
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37
Q

Define simple and facilitated diffusion

A
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38
Q

Use a diagram to explain endocytosis and exocytosis

A
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39
Q

Draw and label a cell membrane

A
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40
Q

Explain why we call it a fluid mosaic mode

A
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41
Q

What are the three layers of skin called ?

A
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42
Q

List the main components of the lymphatic system

A
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43
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A
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44
Q

Draw and label a lymph node

A
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45
Q

How is lymph fluid formed ?

A
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46
Q

Draw and label a cross section of skin

A
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47
Q

What is the function of a sweat gland

A
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48
Q

What is the function of a sebaceous gland

A
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49
Q

What happens to the body when we get too hot

A
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50
Q

What happens to the body when we get too cold

A
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51
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for the Thermoregulation

A
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52
Q

What does CNS do ?

A
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53
Q

Draw and label a motor neurone

A
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54
Q

Draw and label a reflex arc

A
55
Q

What is the function of all reflexes

A
56
Q

What is CNS ?

A
57
Q

What is an action potential ?

A
58
Q

Draw and label a synapse

A
59
Q

Draw a flow diagram of the events that happen during synaptic transmission

A
60
Q

List 4 ways things can reduce synaptic transmission

A
61
Q

List four ways that drugs can enhance synaptic transmission

A
62
Q

List the social effects of addiction

A
63
Q

List the emotional consequences of addiction

A
64
Q

List the physical consequences of addiction to alcohol

A
65
Q

State the 5 function of skeleton

A
66
Q

State the 5 function of skeleton

A
67
Q

Draw and label a synovial joint

A
68
Q

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A
69
Q

What is the function of joints?

A
70
Q

What do ligaments and tendons do?

A
71
Q

Explain how monosaccharides react together to form disaccharides

A
72
Q

Explain how monosaccharides react together to form polysaccharides

A
73
Q

Explain how disaccharides /polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides

A
74
Q

Define the term triose, Pentose and hexose sugar

A
75
Q

Draw alpha glucose and number the carbons

A
76
Q

Draw and label a villi

A
77
Q

2) Explain how a villi is adapted for absorption

A
78
Q

3) Describe the role of a lacteal

A
79
Q

4) Describe the role of mucus in the digestive system

A
80
Q

5) Describe the purpose of endoscopy and gastroscopy

A
81
Q

6) Write the key points in how endoscopy works

A
82
Q

7) Which conditions can be monitored by endoscopy

A
83
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid,circle and label the functional groups

A
84
Q

Describe how amino acids react together to form a polypeptide

A
85
Q

Give a definition of the primary structure of a protein

A
86
Q

Describe how the secondary structure of a protein forms from the primary structure

A
87
Q

Describe how the tertiary structure of a protein forms from the secondary structure

A
88
Q

Explain how the primary structure of a protein determines the functional shape of the protein

A
89
Q

Describe the dipole nature of water

A
90
Q

List the properties of water

A
91
Q

Label the main endocrine organs on a diagram

A
92
Q

Describe how blood glucose is controlled

A
93
Q

Define negative feedback

A
94
Q

Describe the two functions of the kidney

A
95
Q

Draw and label a nephron with the main events in each section

A
96
Q

Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation

A
97
Q

Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation

A
98
Q

Describe the types of urodynamic testing that can happen

A
99
Q

Explain what these tests can show

A
100
Q

Define osmoregulation

A
101
Q

What is ear wax ?

A
102
Q

How does ear wax function as a defence

A
103
Q

What is nose / mouth / tears secretions ?

A
104
Q

How does nose/mouth/tears secretions do as a defence

A
105
Q

What is stomach acid ?

A
106
Q

How does stomach acid act as a defence

A
107
Q

What is gut flora

A
108
Q

How does gut flora work as a defence

A
109
Q

What is mucus / cilia ?

A
110
Q

How does mucus / cilia act as a defence

A
111
Q

What is keratin ?

A
112
Q

How does keratin work as a defence

A
113
Q

What is a scab ?

A
114
Q

How does a scab work as a defence ?

A
115
Q

What is macrophage/neutrophil ?

A
116
Q

How does macrophage/neutrophil act as a defence ?

A
117
Q

What are the physical barriers that stop infection ?

A
118
Q

How does each barrier work ?

A
119
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
120
Q

What is inflammation

A
121
Q

Define these words in terms of the genetic code

A
122
Q

Which enzymes are involved in transcription

A
123
Q

Draw and label the general structure of a virus

A
124
Q

What does HIV stand for

A
125
Q

How does HIV infect cells

A
126
Q

What does HIV do to the body

A
127
Q

What does HPV stand for

A
128
Q

What can HPV do to the body

A
129
Q

Define terms dominant and recessive

A
130
Q

Define terms phenotype and genotype

A
131
Q

Draw a punnet square to show how a dominant disease is inherited

A
132
Q

Draw a punnet square to show how a recessive disease is inherited

A
133
Q

Describe how a sex linked disease is inherited

A

Medical Science (2 decks)

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