Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Science > Second Year X > Flashcards

Second Year X Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is an agonist ?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an antagonist?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between competitive and non competitive antagonists

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an example of a drug that is an antagonist

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is non adherence

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is non adherence

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two main types of non adherence

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give reasons / examples for each type of non adherence

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give reasons / examples for each type of non adherence

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can a medical professional improve adherence to

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name various ways of administering different medications

A

Oral
Sublingual
Rectal
Parental
Topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of adherence

A

Intentional and non intentional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the factors doctors need to consider when their choosing an administration route

A

If a healthcare professional would have to administer it .
If it would be broken down by the digestive system .
Any side effects due to the method .
How predictable the dosing /absorption is .
How fast the drug can take effect once administered.
How easy it is to do .
Patient preference .
Where the drug is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do doctors decide which is the best medication to prescribe .

A

Diagnosed correctly ?
Patient choice
Cost effectiveness
Other health concerns
Side effects
Benefits >risks
Patient history
Current medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are drugs work on enzymes?

A

The drugs resemble the natural substrates, bind enzymes and cause change in their activity this can either take place by the activation or inhibition of enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do drugs affect transport across membranes ?

A

As cell membranes are selectively permeable and membrane permeability is key to drug absorption,distribution and elimination effectiveness .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can drugs affect hormones ?

A

Medicines are effected by the endocrine system by either : inhibiting , stimulating or interacting with hormone receptors and a big example is with fertility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can drugs affect transmitter substances?

A

Drugs can affect the communication between synapses in the brain by disrupting neurotransmission either by acting by or reducing or enhancing synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Polypharmacy?

A

It describes when a patient is taking more than one medication at the same time , and the effect they can have on each other .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three ways that polypharmacy can affect drug action ?

A

patient factors, disease‐related factors, and healthcare factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is synergistic polypharmacy ?

A

When two drugs work on the same body system - can be helpful or harmful .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is antagonistic polypharmacy?

A

When drugs work against each other or counteract each other .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some common foods that interact with medicine ?

A

Grapefruit
Black liquorice
Alcohol
Milk
Yogurt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of synergistic polypharmacy?

A

Ramipril with amlodipine . Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor and amlodipine is a vasodilator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Example of antagonistic polypharmacy?

A

Propranolol with salbutamol . Propranolol antagonises the receptor that salbutamol normally binds to .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does drug tolerance mean ?

A

It means when the body has become used to a specific drug and there is less receptors being produced to bind to the medication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two mechanisms for developing drug tolerance ?

A
  1. Decreased binding affinity between a drug and receptor .
  2. Decrease in the number of receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two mechanisms for developing drug tolerance ?

A
  1. Decreased binding affinity between a drug and receptor .
  2. Decrease in the number of receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a drug holiday ?

A

This is when a patient takes some time off of taking a specific medication and it almost resets the body and lowers their tolerance to the drug .

30
Q

4 main components of the respiratory system

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Ribs
  4. Nasal / oral cavity
31
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To pump blood around the body.

32
Q

Name 3 conditions that can affect the cardiovascular system and how each affects the normal functioning of the system.

A

Hypertension - thicker blood vessel walls.
Angina - reduced blood flow to the heart
Arrhythmias - an abnormal heart rhythm.

33
Q

How do beta blockers work

A

They are known as beta adrenergic blocking agents are medications that reduce your blood pressure

34
Q

What are the adverse effects of beta blockers

A

Anaphylaxis
Skin rash
Blurred vision

35
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To allow us to breathe and our body to absorb oxygen .

36
Q

Name 1 condition that can affect the respiratory system and how it affects the normal functioning of the system

A

Asthma and it typically affects the bronchi and creates inflammation and excess mucus within the walls causing less air to pass through .

37
Q

How does salbutamol treat asthma

A

It is a small molecule drug that acts as an agonist to beta -2 adrenaline receptors present in airway smooth muscle cells

38
Q

What are the adverse effects of salbutamol

A

Anaphylaxis
Rash
Blurred vision
Arrhythmias

39
Q

What is the function of the gi system

A

To allow the body to break down and digest food then later to excrete the waste matter left that isn’t needed or couldn’t be absorbed

40
Q

Name three disorders of the GI system

A

Constipation
Diarrhoea
Heartburn/ indigestion

41
Q

Which type of medication can treat constipation

A

Bulk forming
Osmotic
Stimulant

42
Q

Which type of medication can treat diarrhoea

A

Anti diarrhoeal tablets

43
Q

Which type of medication could be used to treat heart burn

A

Antacid or alginate or both combined

44
Q

How do H2 antagonists work to treat an ulcer

A

They stop the blood clot from rupturing so it allows the body to heal it basically just allows the body to do its own healing

45
Q

What are the adverse effects of cimetedine

A

Anaphylaxis
Rash
Hypotension
Gynaecomastasia

46
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system ?

A

It is responsible for organs and glands releasing hormones to allow the body to regulate.

47
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

An under active thyroid is when your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of the thyroxine hormone.

48
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism

A

Is an overactive thyroid which when your thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine

49
Q

How does methimazole treat hyperthyroidism

A

Methimazole is a small molecule drug that works by competively inhibiting the enzyme peroxidase

50
Q

What are the adverse effects of methimazole

A
51
Q

How does the kidney perform osmoregulation

A

Blood water levels are sensed by the brain in the hypothalamus
When water levels are too low the hypothalamus gets the pituitary gland to release adh into the bloodstream
Cells in the collecting duct of the nephrons of the kidney have receptors for ash

52
Q

What are three types of diuretic

A

Thiazide
Loop
Potassium sparing

53
Q

How does indapamine work

A

It’s a small molecule drug that is an antagonist for the Na +/Cl- co-transporter in the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule

54
Q

What are the adverse effects

A

It can affect the osmotic balance in your body
Anaphylaxis
Rash
Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest

55
Q

How does producing more urine help relieve high blood pressure

A

It reduces the amount of fluid in the blood vessels

56
Q

What are the four mechanisms by which antibiotics can target bacteria

A

Disrupt membranes
Anametabolites
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

57
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria ?

A

First gram scaling
Gram positive- appear purple due to the peptidoglycan layer .
Gram negative - appear pink due to the extra layer of membrane and there isn’t enough peptidoglycan.

58
Q

3 symptoms for a person suffering from schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations
Voices in their head
Losing interest in everyday things

59
Q

Is dicloxacillalin bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

A

Bacteriocidal

60
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dicloxacillin

A

It works by affecting gram positive bacteria and works by destroying the structure of the cell wall

61
Q

What are the adverse effects of dicloxacillin

A

Anaphylaxis
Diarrhoea
Precursors for white blood cells destroyed- neutropenia

62
Q

What does dopamine normally do in the brain ?

A

Dopamine is the ‘pleasure neurotransmitter’ and the release of planing typically makes a person feel pleasure and happiness

63
Q

What does dopamine normally do in the brain ?

A

Dopamine is the ‘pleasure neurotransmitter’ and the release of planing typically makes a person feel pleasure and happiness

64
Q

What is the mechanism of action for risperidone

A

It is a small molecule drug that is an antagonist for D2 (dopamine) and 5-HT2A (serotonin)
receptors in the brain
If you block the detection of dopamine you help someone with schizophrenia with
any ‘positive’ symptoms where they see or hear things
If you block the release of serotonin it helps with their ‘negative’ symptoms

65
Q

What are the adverse effects of risperidone

A

Allergy - immunological response
Hyperprolactenimia
Neutropenia

66
Q

What condition does risperidone treat ?

A

Schizophrenia

67
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips the dna
  2. DNA nucleotides bind to their complementary bases on both strands
  3. DNA polymerase then catalyses the formation of phosodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.
68
Q

Define mitosis

A

The duplication of dna and reproduction of new cells via division

69
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase - replication of chromosomes
Metaphase - lines up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - the chromatides pulled apart by spindle fibres
Telophase - two nuclear membranes form around chromosomes

70
Q

Define malignant and benign

A

Malignant tumours are typically fast growing and harmful to the body and usually cancerous

Benign Tumors typically aren’t too concerning and don’t grow as fast

Medical Science (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions