UNIT ONE Vocab

Question 1

Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings.

Answer 1

• *My Definition:** Societies’ influences of both past and present shape the cultural landscape.
• *Example:** European colonialism has changed Africa and scarred populations in many ways.

Question 2

Cultural landscape: Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. This is the essence of how humans interact with nature.

Answer 2

My definition: Natural landscape fashioned by cultural group(s).

Example: Egypts form giant pyramids with limestone

Question 3

Arithmetic density: The total number of people divided by the total land area. This is what most people think of as density; how many people per area of land.

Answer 3

My definition: # of people / total land area

Example: According to data.worldbank.org, the Netherlands had an average arithmetic density of 498. Number is found by midyear population / km².

Question 4

Physiological density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. This is important because it relates to how much land is being used by how many people.

Answer 4

My definition: # people / unit area² of arable land

Example: If the number of people who lived in 5 km² of arable land were 500 people, then the physiological density would be 100 people per km².

Question 5

Hearth: The region from which innovative ideas originate. This relates to the important concept of the spreading of ideas from one area to another (diffusion).

The ancient culture hearths are Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley, Chang & Yellow River Valley, Nile River Valley and Delta, and Meso-America (beginnings of First Agricultural Revolution, which began around 12,000 years ago).

Answer 5

My definition: Origin of innovative ideas

Example: The cultural hearth of the Rubik’s cube is in Hungary. Rubik’s cubes spread by hierarchical diffusion because of toy distributors’ decisions to showcase them at popular events. They also spread by contagious diffusion because they are so popular.

Question 6

Diffusion: The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Answer 6

My definition: Process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Example: Diffusion of Christianity from the Middle East

Question 7

Relocation diffusion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Answer 7

My definition: Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Example: Italian immigrants to NYC taught Irish-Americans how to make pizza.

Question 8

Expansion diffusion: The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process. This can happen in 3 ways:

(1) Hierarchical diffusion: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power other persons or places.

(2) Contagious diffusion: The rapid, widespread diffusStion of a characteristic throughout the population.

(3) Stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

Answer 8

My definition: Hierarchical diffusion is spread of an idea by people or nodes of authority. Contagious diffusion is the rapid spread of a characteristic. Stimulus diffusion of an underlying principle.

Example: Spread of Starbucks by contagious diffusion throughout the US and hierarchical decision because of corporate decisions to tap into the potential of other busy markets.

Question 9

Absolute distance: Exact measurement of the physical space between two places.

Answer 9

My definition: physical distance between two places in prescribed units.

Example: The physical distance between me and my object of affection’s house is about 8 miles.

Question 10

Relative distance: Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.

Answer 10

My definition: Absolute distance is exact measurement and relative distance is approximate.

Example: The distance between Earth and the Moon is 238,900 miles; however, this number changes due to forces of gravity from other planets, solar systems, the Sun, galaxies acting upon our galaxy, etc.

Question 11

Distribution: The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

Answer 11

My definition: Arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

Example: Subway stores in Miami

Question 12

Environmental determinism: A 19th- and early 20th-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Basically, environmental determinism is the doctrine that individual human actions, beliefs, and values are controlled or determined by the ambient environment.

Answer 12

My definition: 19th and early 20th century thought that geography was the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Example: Rich soil in Brazil calls for a lot of farming. Rocky soil and too cool temperatures calls for sheep and cattle herding in Scotland.

Question 13

Absolute location: Position on Earth’s surface using the coordinate system of longitude (that runs from North to South Pole) and latitude (that runs parallel to the equator).

Answer 13

My definition: Position on Earth’s surface determind by coordinate system of longitude and latitude.

Example: GPS coordinates of Orlando, Florida, are

28° 32’ 17” N / 81° 22’ 45” W.

Question 14

Relative location: Position on Earth’s surface relative to other features.

Answer 14

My definition: Position on Earth’s surface relative to other features.

Example: Orlando is west of the Atlantic Ocean, and Orlando is close to Lake Apopka.

Question 15

Site: The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant.

Answer 15

My definition: What is found at a location and why it is significant.

Example: Orlando, Florida has many theme parks including Aquatica, Universal Studios, and Disney World. This is significant because Orlando brings attention to many tourists from all over the world.

Question 16

Situation: The location of a place relative to other places.

Answer 16

My definition: Location of a place relative to other places.

Example: In the State of Florida, I live in Merritt Island, which is really close to Cape Canveral.

Question 17

Space Time Compression: The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system.

Answer 17

My definition: Time reduction in diffusing something to distant places as a result of advancements in communications and transporation.

Example: #ALSicebucketchallenge is known all over the world in a short span of time because of near real-time communications such as Instagram and Internet.

Question 18

Friction of Distance: is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this “friction,” spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance.

Answer 18

My definition: Quantity of interaction will decline with distance because distance usually requires some amount of effort, time, and/or money.

Example: When I am attending my overseas college, I will interact much less with my parents.

Question 19

Distance Decay: The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact. Electronic devices such as the internet and e-mail have aided in eliminating barriers to interaction between people who are far from each other.

Answer 19

My definition: Distance among cultural groups becomes less and less relative because advancements of technology allows for widespread cultural diffusion within a short time.

Example: It could take American colonials 44 hours to go from Boston to New York. Nowadays, we can use airfare and be there in an hour or so.

Question 20

Networks: defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center. Also, a network society is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies.

Answer 20

My definition: Set of interconnected nodes without a center.

Example: There are many movie theaters throught the United States and they all are of different sizes, depending on the populations surrounding them.

Question 21

Connectivity: The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur.

Answer 21

My definition: The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Example: The relationship I share with the college of RSM Erasmus University is that it could be my future college.

Question 22

Accessibility: The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach certain locations from other locations. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured.

Answer 22

My definition: How easy it is to reach certain locations from other locations.

Example: There is a very high degree of accessibility from Florida to Algeria due to airfare.

Question 23

Space: Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.

Answer 23

My definition: Physical gap or interval between two objects.

Example: When the world’s largest scissors open up, there is a space between the two blades and the two blades slightly differ in long-lat coordinates.

Question 24

Spatial Distribution: Physical location of geographic phenomena across SPACE.

Answer 24

My definition: Physical location of geographic phenomena across SPACE.

Example: Earthquakes originate at fault lines, many of which are underneath oceans.

Question 25

Size: Is the estimation or determination of extent.

Answer 25

My definition: Is the estimation or determination of extent.

Example: Size of Christianity may include the number of followers, but could also include the scope of its influence in literature, media, and physical area.

Question 26

Scale: Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance, indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative fraction, and/or verbal statement.

Answer 26

My definition: Generally, scale refers to the size of an area or time period. In human geography we look at maps of different scales.

Example: United States map (small scale) showing 2008 presidential elections by popular vote. You can also zoom in on the results of each state and their particular counties (large scale).

Question 27

Formal Region: (uniform) or homogenous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language, or an environmental climate.

Answer 27

My definition: Area within which everyone shares one or more characteristics.

Example: Everyone in Florida experiences warm weather; furthermore, everyone in Florida speaks either English or Spanish, we hope. The map below shows the formal regions where English is the official language.

Question 28

Functional Region: (nodal region) Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.

Answer 28

My definition: Imagine that the center of a bicycle wheel is the functional region. Then, the spokes of the wheel represent links to outside areas through transportation, communication, and trade.

Example: The Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan area is a functional region in that Dallas and Fort Worth share a common airport located between the two cities.

Question 29

Vernacular Region: (Perceptual Region) is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. Such regions emerge from peoples informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought. (Often identified using a mental map- which is an internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface)

Answer 29

My definition: Place people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity.

Example: We believe Florida is in the Cottonbelt and in the Sunbelt.

Question 30

Possibilism: The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

Answer 30

My definition: People have the ability to adjust to their environment, although the physical environment can limit some human actions.

Example: People in northern regions can get used to cold showers and people in Florida can get used to hot, humid weather.

Question 31

Pattern: A common property of distribution, which is the geometric arrangement of objects in space. Some features are organized in a geometric pattern, whereas others are distributed irregularly. Geographers observe that many objects form a linear distribution, such as the arrangement of houses along a street or stations along a subway line.

Answer 31

My definition: Property of distribution, which is the geometric, linear, or irregular arrangements of objects in space.

Example: Power lines appear to be in a linear fashion.

Question 32

Place Name: Often referred to as a places’ name. The definition of toponym is the name given to a place on Earth.

Answer 32

My definition: Toponym, a places’ name.

Example: The more traditional toponyms of Mount Everest are Sagarmāthā (Nepalese) and Chomolungma (Tibetan).

Question 33

Pattison’s Four Traditions (1964) by W.D. Pattison:

(1) earth-science: physical geography

(2) locational: spatial tradition (location)

(3) man-land: human/environmental interaction

(4) area-studies: regional geography

Answer 33

My definition: He wanted to counter the idea geography was undisciplined science.

(1) An earth-science tradition: physical (natural) geography

(2) A spatial tradition: spatial unifying theme, similar patterns between physical and human geography

(3) A man-land tradition: relationships between human societies and natural environments

(4) An area-studies tradition: regional geography

Question 34

Five Themes of Geography (1986):

(1) location: position; situation of people and things

(2) human/environmental interaction: reciprocal relationship b/w humans & env.

(3) region: area on Earth’s surface marked by a degree of homogeneity (uniformity) of some phenomenon

**(4) **place: uniqueness of a location (or similarity of two or more locales); phenomena within an area

(5) movement: mobility of people, goods and ideas; phenomena between areas

Answer 34

**My definition: **

(1) location: position on Earth’s surface

(2) human/environmental interaction: relationships between man and the environment

(3) region: area of unique characteristic, way of organizing people geographically

(4) place: associations among phenomena in an area

(5) movement: interconnections between areas

Question 35

Anthropogenic: Caused or produced by humans.

Answer 35

My definition: The humans did it.

Example: Pyramids of Giza, Great Wall of China, Hagia Sophia, etc…

Question 36

Region:

(1) Formal Region: (uniform, homogeneous) or homogenous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or mare distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language, or an environmental climate.

(2) Functional Region: (nodal) Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.

(3) Perceptual Region: (vernacular) is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. Such regions emerge from peoples informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought. (Often identified using a mental map- which is an internal representation of a portion of Earths surface). Many “belts” fit this description … cotton belt (what used to be dominated by agriculture, and is often referred to as the New South), Bible belt, sun belt, rust belt, …

Answer 36

My definition: Formal region is an area within which everyone shares one or more characteristics. Functional region is an area organized around a node or focal point. Perceptual (vernacular) region is a place people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. The image below helps visualize a functional region.

Question 37

Environmental perception: a person’s idea or image of a place; may often be inaccurate.

Answer 37

My definition: Person’s idea or image of a place.

Example: I think Putin’s compound has high walls, some snow, lots of pine trees, and lots of guards.

Question 38

Cultural trait: a single element of normal practice in a culture.

Answer 38

My definition: any trait of human activity acquired in social life and transmitted by communication.

Example: I obtained the cultural trait of fondness for cycyling, which many Dutch citizens do everyday.

Question 39

Culture complex: a combination of related cultural traits.

Answer 39

My definition: combination of related cultural traits.

Example: Fondness for cycling, speaking Dutch, being tall, these are all traits of being Dutch.

Question 40

Migrant diffusion: spread of an idea through people, in which the phenomena weakens or dies out at its previous source.

Answer 40

Definition: type of diffusion when something is prevalent in its hearth (origin) for a brief period, but then dies in its hearth by the time it spreads outward to other areas.

Example: The spread of the flu is migrant diffusion because by the time it spreads away from its hearth, most of the people in its hearth are generally already immune to it.

Question 41

Acculturation: Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage

Answer 41

My definition: Adopting certain customs that will be to their advantage

Example: Most of my family members are Christians, then so am I. All of my family members speak Dutch, then it will be to my advantage to learn Dutch to that I can be trilingual and speak with my family members in their native tongue.

Question 42

Transculturation: A near equal exchange of culture traits or customs.

Answer 42

My definition: Near equal exchange of culture traits or customs.

Example: I adopt an American, Canadian, and Dutch identity and I consider all of them to be influential in my life.

Question 43

Assimilation: Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture

Answer 43

My definition: Less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.

Example: Members of animalistic African tribes are converted to Christianity, wear more modern apparel, and learn English. This happens time and time again.

Question 44

Cultural Ecology: The geographic study of the multiple interactions of human-environmental relationships.

Answer 44

My definition: Relationships between cultures and environment.

Example: You know what the relationship was between Great Britain and the environment during the Industrial Revolutions? Humans deracinated the natural landscape and set on top factories.

Question 45

Holocene epoch: Current interglaciation period (sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age), extending from around 12,000 years ago to the present (some scientists speculate that since humans influence the Earth as no species was able to before, we have recently entered the Anthropocene epoch).

Answer 45

My definition: Warming phase of Earth that began 12,000 years ago and is still ongoing.

Example: The time is 9:09 A.M. on August 31st, 2014, during the Holocene epoch.

Question 46

First Agricultural Revolution: beginning around 12,000 years ago; achieved plant domestication (human influence on genetic modification of a plant) and animal domestication (genetic modification of an animal to make it more amenable to human control and use); began permanent settlements along fertile river valleys which moved humans from egalitarian societies (equal) to more stratified societies (unequal).

Answer 46

My definition: Plant and animal domestication began around 12,000 years ago,which moved humans from egalitarian societies to more stratified societies.

Example: Humans could stay and watch over their property, whether it be land for farming or for herding.

Question 47

Global Positioning System (GPS): Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places.

Answer 47

My definition: Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places.

Example: You can use a GPS to get to places.

Question 48

Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system that, stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Answer 48

My definition: A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Example: You can use a GIS to analyze the magnitude of an earthquake.

Question 49

Qualitative data: described in terms of its quality (that is, informal or relative characteristics such as culture, language, religion, …).

Answer 49

My definition: described in terms of quality such as the color of a table is black or the mountain is grey.

Example: I am a devout Christian who will serve the Lord with all my soul, with all my heart, and with all my might.

Question 50

Quantitative data: precisely describes data using numbers and measures (population, political, economic, …).

Answer 50

My definition: describes data using numbers and measures.

Example: Gold is shiny and heavy and metallic (qualitative data). Gold has a density of 19.31 grams per mol.

Question 51

Map projections: any 3-dimensional object (Earth) will project some distortion onto any 2-dimensional object (map).

(1) Azimuthal: directions from a central point are preserved; usually these projections also have radial symmetry.

(2) Mercator: straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles, used for marine navigation.

(3) Peters: equal-area cylindrical, areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map.

(4) Robinson: distorts shape, area, scale, and distance in an attempt to balance the errors of projection properties.

(5) Fuller: using the surface of a polyhedron, it is unfolded to a net in many different ways and flattened to form a two-dimensional map which retains most of the globe’s relative proportional integrity.

Answer 51

My definition:

(1) Azimuthal: directions from a central point are preserved; usually looking on one of the poles

(2) Mercator: straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles; Greenland looks bigger on a Mercator map than a Peters map

(3) Peters: areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on this map; northern regions looked a little compressed

(4) Robinson: attempts to balance errors of projection properties; very round at the edges

(5) Fullers: using the surface of a polyhedron, it retains most of the globe’s relative proportional integrity.

Question 52

Types of maps:

(1) dot: one dot represents a certain number of phenomena (e.g., population)

(2) thematic: made to reflect a particular theme about a geographic area (e.g., geographic, topographic, political, …)

(3) choropleth: thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed (e.g., population density)

(4) reference: generalized map type designed to show general spatial properties of features (e.g., world maps, road maps, atlas maps)

(5) proportional symbol: type of thematic map in which the areas of symbols are varied in proportion to the value of an attribute (e.g., city population)

(6) preference: map demonstrating progressively more desirable options

(7) cartogram: map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area (e.g., GDP)

Answer 52

My definition:

(1) dot: one dot represents a certain number of phenomena

(2) thematic: reflects a particular (political, topographical, geothermal, etc)

(3) choropleth: shaded or patterned in proportion to measurement of the statistical variable being displayed

(4) reference: designed to show general spatial properties of features (world maps, road maps, etc)

(5) porportional symbol: areas of symbols are varied in proportion to the value of an attribute (city population, etc)

(6) preference: demonstrating more desirable options

(7) cartogram: thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area (GDP, etc)

Question 53

Map terms:

(1) parallel: line of latitude (Equator, Tropic of Cancer & Capricorn, Arctic & Antarctic Circles)

(2) meridian: line of longitude (Prime Meridian, International Date Line)

Answer 53

My definition: Parallel is line of latitude and runs east-west. Meridian is line of longitude and runs north-south.

Example: Equator is a parallel and Prime Meridian is a meridian.

Question 54

TODALSIG: acronym for assessing the validity and reliability of any map

Title

Orientation

Date

Author

Legend

Scale

Index

Grid

Answer 54

My definition: TODALSIG is for assessing if a map is right.

Question 55

Migration Patterns: immigration = into a region; emigration = out of a region

1) Internal - permanent movement within a country

  _A) Interregional_ - Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.

B) Intraregional - Permanent movement within one region of a country

_ C) Rural-Urban_ - Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

2) External - permanent movement outside country

_ A) Intercontinental_ - Permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.

_B) International_ - permanent movement from one country to another.

Answer 55

My definition: immigration is into a region

emigration is out of a region

1) Internal is within a country

A) Interregional - one region to another region

B) Intraregional - within one region of a country

2) External is outside a country

A) Intercontinental is one country to another and on the same continent

B) International from one country to another

Example: My parents immigrated to Canada in the early 1990’s. The seven of us emigrated from Canada in 2004 and immigrated to the United States. Canada to United States is a intercontinental migration.

Question 56

Laws of migration: 1885; Ernst Ravenstein (studied internal migration in England)

1. net migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration
2. the majority of migrants move a short distance
3. migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big cities
4. urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas
5. families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

Answer 56

**My definition: **

1) net migration accounts for a fraction of gross migration
2) majority of migrants go short distances
3) migrants who go longer distances often go to urban cities
4) rural residents migrate more than urban residents
5) young adults migrate more than family units

My Example: Young adults go off to college in faraway distances. My brothers and I have planned to study in the Netherlands. Young adults are more likely to make international moves because they are burdened with fewer members and financial costs.

Question 57

Gravity Model: (Ravenstein) Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Answer 57

**My definition: **

Optimal location of a service = # of people in an area / distance people must travel to access it

My Example: Hollywood is in an optimal location of an entertainment service because of high number of people in encompassing areas, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco. Also, other entertainment cities, such as Las Vegas are only a state or two away.

Question 58

Push factors: incentives for people to leave a place including harsh climate, economic recession, and political turmoil

Pull factors: attractions that draw migrants to a place including pleasant climate, employment, education

Catalysts of migration: many exist such as economic conditions, political circumstances, armed conflict & civil war, environmental conditions, culture and traditions, technological advances, etc

Answer 58

My definition:
Push factors are incentives for people to leave

Pull factors are incentives for people to enter

Catalysts of migration are political, economic, cultural, technological, and environmental

My example: Push factors to emigrate from Canada include my severe asthma problems in colder climates, low educational attainment, and more job opportunities for my father. Pull factors to immigrate to USA include warmer climates, living in the land of the free and home of the brave, high educational attainment in Merritt Island, and many entertainment services in Central Florida.

Question 59

Friction of Distance: is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this “friction,” spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance.

Distance Decay: the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact.

Answer 59

My definition:

Friction of Distance: distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome.

Distance Decay: Diminishing importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

My example: Would require some time and money to send a mail delivery. Would require some of your time and energy to set up a Skype call. Technological advancements in communications and transportations are reasons of distance decay.

Question 60

Step migration: migration to a destination that occurs in stages (e.g., from farm to nearby village and later to town and city)

Chain migration: migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family to an existing community (initial migration created a “chain reaction”)

Answer 60

**My definition: **

Step migration occurs in stages (farm to town to city)

Chain migration follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family to an existing community

My example: Guest workers send money home for other family members to follow them.

Question 61

Intervening opportunity: the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Answer 61

My definition: nearer opportunity often look better than sites farther away

My example: Many students like to go abroad and travel the world; however, many here apply within the United States and often within the same state because they love nearer opportunities

Question 62

Voluntary migration: movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity)

Forced Migration: People removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government. (Atlantic Slave Trade, Jewish Diaspora)

Counter migration: migration back to an original area in which people had left. For example, migration increases after natural disasters, yet many eventually return after a time.

Answer 62

**My definition: **

Voluntary migration is when people relocate in response to opportunity

Forced migration is when people have to move because of war, natural disaster, and government action

Counter migration is when people move back to an original area in which people had left

My example: My parents moving from Canada and then to USA were voluntary migrations. Relocation of non-Russians during Stalin’s reign is forced migration.

Question 63

Cyclic movement: movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally (e.g., activity (action) space – space within which daily activity occurs; commuting, seasonal, nomadism)

Periodic movement: movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation including military service, migrant workers, and college attendance.

** A) transhumance - **movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Answer 63

**My definition: **

Cyclic movement has a closed route and is repeated

annually or seasonally

Periodic movement is temporary and constant relocation

My example: I’ll probably experience periodic movement for many more years to come; I shall attend college in the Netherlands, perhaps go to Hong Kong to study some more business, and go to California to work with close associates of the film industry.

Question 64

** Refugees:** people who leave their homes because they are forced out and not relocated

1) move without any more tangible property than what they can carry or transport with them
2) make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat
3) move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration.

Answer 64

My definition: people who fled and not relocated

1) Refugees bring with what they have on their backs
2) first begin to flee using feet, bicycle, wagon, or open boat
3) move without official documents

My example: Cubans who make it to land are refugees. Many Vietnamese and Syrian people fleeing are refugees.

Question 65

Brain drain: large scale emigration of talented people

Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Answer 65

My definition:

Brain drain is large scale emigration of skilled labor

Movement of people from urban to rural is counterurb

My example: Lots of smarties from Russia defecting to USA and so on

Question 66

Emigration: migration from a location

Immigration: migration to a new location

Net migration: the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

Answer 66

My definition:

Emigration is from a location,

Immigration is to a location

Net migration is immigration minus emigration

My example: Population growth of USA accounts for huge positive net migration, especially with the large numbers of Central and Latin American immigrants

Question 67

Quotas: laws that place a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a certain country each year.

Answer 67

My definition: max number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

My Example: USA first set quotas for each country, then for each hemisphere, then for the world. EU immigrants were limited during and a couple years after WWI.

Question 68

Accent: the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world

Answer 68

My definition: the manner in which people speak and pronounce words in different parts of the world.

My example: My mother definitely has a moderately strong Dutch accent. My mother’s brother has a very strong Dutch accent when speaking English.

Question 69

Bilingual: Speaking two languages

Answer 69

My definition: Speaking two languages

My example: I am fluent in English, pretty good at Dutch, and decent in Spanish. Also, my mother is fluent in Dutch and English.

Question 70

BRP: British Received Pronunciation. The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered a standard

Answer 70

My definition: British Received Pronunciation is the dialect associated with upper class Britons that is now considered the standard

My example: There are many dialects in England but the dialect associated with upper class Britons living in London is now considered the standard

Question 71

Creole: a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Answer 71

My definition: mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language

My example: The language Afrikaans adopted words from languages such as Portuguese, the Bantu languages, Malay, Khoisan languages, and mostly from Dutch.

Question 72

Dialect: A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Answer 72

My definition: distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

My example: Dialects of German in the United States are Amish Swiss German, Texas German, Wisconsin High German, Swiss German, etc

Question 73

• *Ebonics:** a dialect spoken by some African Americans
• *Esperanto:** A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language.

Answer 73

**My definition: **

Ebonics is a dialect spoken by some African Americans

Esperanto is a Latin-based language which early 12th century proponents hoped to become a global language

**My example:** Ebonics is mostly commonly spoken today by urban working-class and largely 
bi-dialectal middle-class African Americans. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people fluently or actively speak Esperanto.

Question 74

Extinct language: A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Answer 74

My definition: no longer used

My example: last native speaker of Klallam language died in February 2014

Question 75

Franglais: the widespread use of English in the French language. A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai.” the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.

Answer 75

My definition: the widespread use of English in the French language

My example: Examples of Franglais are…

Je suis tired - I am tired
Je ne care pas - I don’t care
J’agree - I agree

Question 76

• *Ideogram:** symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word
• *Isogloss:** A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Answer 76

My definition:

Ideogram - stands for a concept than word

Isogloss - boundary that separates regions in which different language usages dominate

My example: Ideograms include the biohazard sign, the stop sign, and the wheelchair access sign

Question 77

• *Isolated language:** A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
• *Language:** A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

Answer 77

My definition:

Isolated language is unrelated to any other languages and language families

Language is a system of communication

**My Example: **Basque and Korean are commonly cited examples of isolated languages

Question 78

Language branch: A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.

Answer 78

My definition: collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago

**My Example: **Indo-European branches are Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, and Italic

Question 79

• *Language family:** a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
• *Language group:** A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Answer 79

My definition:

fam- collection of languages related through a common ancestor long before recorded history

group - collection of languages within a branch that share an origin relatively recent in the past

**My Example: **Language families are Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Altaic, etc. Language groups include Low Germanic and High Germanic

Question 80

Lingua Franca: A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Question 81

• *linguistics:** study of language
• *literary tradition:** A language that is written as well as spoken
• *mono-lingual:** Speaking only one language.
• *multi-lingual:** Speaking several languages.

Answer 81

My definition:

lingu - study of language

lit tradition - written as well as spoken

mono - one language

multi - more than one language

**My Example: **Couple of my friends are mono-lingual but most of them are multi-lingual

Question 82

• *Official language:** The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
• *Orthography:** the study of where languages are found/located

Answer 82

My definition:

official - adopted for use by the government

ortho - study of where languages are found/located

**My Example: **Orthographists would find that English is spoken nearly everywhere, especially in North America and West Europe

Question 83

Pidgin language: A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

Answer 83

My Definition: simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca

**My Example: **Pidgin languages include Basque-Icelandic pidgin, Nigerian Pidgin, and Pidgin Hawaiian

Question 84

• *Spanglish:** Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.
• *Standard language:** The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

Answer 84

**My definition: **

Spang - combo of English and Spanish

Standard lang - used for government, business, and education, and mass communications

My Example: Many students speak Spanglish in their Spanish classrooms. Standard Hindi and Urdu are India’s standard languages

Question 85

Toponym: the name by which a geographical place is known

Answer 85

**My definition: **name of a geo place

My Example: Highest mountain of the Himalayas is called Mt. Everest, or Sagarmatha in Nepal, or Chomolungma in Tibet

Question 86

• *Trade language:** A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
• *Vernacular:** the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)

Answer 86

**My Definition: **

trade lang - allows different speakers to communicate so they can trade

vernacular - everyday speech of the people

My Example: English is a trade language in many international business meetings

Question 87

Animism: belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

Answer 87

My definition: inanimate objects have discrete spirits and conscious lives

My Example: A movie example of animism is Avatar

Question 88

Autonomous religion: a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

Answer 88

My definition: religion that does not have a central authority

My Example: Judaism and Animisim are autonomous religions

Question 89

• *Branch:** a large and fundamental division within a religion
• *Caste:** the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law

Answer 89

**My definition: **

branch - large division within religion

caste - distinct hereditary order

My Example: Islam made a formal split in 632, and Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church split officially in 1054.

Question 90

Cosmogony: a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

Answer 90

**My definition: **set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

My Example: Steven Hawkings believe the universe started with a big bang. Others believe the Titans did. Others believe God made it so.

Question 91

• *Denomination:** a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
• *Diocese:** the basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church

Answer 91

My definition:

Deno - division of a branch that brings congregations into an administrative body

Dio - basic unit of geo organization in Roman Catholic Church

**My Example: **Denominations in the USA include Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and Mormon. The Pope is also called the Diocese of Rome.

Question 92

Ethnic religion: a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principle are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Answer 92

My definition: based on physical characteristics of the particular location of where adherents are concentrated

My Example: Hinduism in the Caribbean is considered an ethnic religion by some scholars.

Question 93

Fundamentalism: literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Answer 93

My definition: strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

My Example: Muslim extremists are often fundamentalists or rather they think themselves to be

Question 94

Ghetto: during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of the city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

Answer 94

My definition: a neighborhood in a city to be inhabited only by Jews; now its where very poor minority groups live

My Example: Ghettos in Miami are probably filled with law-breakers, poor and homeless people, and minorities living in terrible condtions.

Question 95

Hierarchical religion: a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Answer 95

My definition: central authority exercises a high degree of control

My Example: The Roman Catholic Church has a very rich and influential chain of religious command with the Pope on top

Question 96

• *Missionary:** an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
• *Monotheism:** the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god
• *Pagan:** a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
• *Pilgrimage:** a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
• *Polytheism:** belief in or worship of more than one god

Sect: a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Answer 96

**My definition: **

Missionary - who helps diffuse a religion

Monotheism - only one God

Pagan - follower of polytheistic religion

Pilgrimage - journey to a relgious sacred place

Polytheism - more than one god

Sect - small group broken away from an established denomination

My Example: The religious hotspot for Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike is Jerusalem. Roman Catholic sects include Palmarian Catholic Church, Community of the Lady of All Nations, and the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.

Question 97

Universalizing/proselytic religion: a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location, members try to convert others

Answer 97

My definition: religion that attempts to appeal to all people

My Example: Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism

Question 98

Interfaith boundaries: the boundaries between the world’s major faiths

Answer 98

My definition: boundaries between world’s major faiths

My Example: An example of an interfaith conflict that exists between several countries is in Africa, including Nigera and the Muslim inhabited zone north of its borders.

Question 99

• *Religious Exclave:** people practicing their religion who are physically separated from their religions hearth
• *Religious Enclave:** people with a particular religion surrounded by people with a different religion

Answer 99

**My definition: **

exclave - practicing religion outside religious hearths

enclave - people with a particular religion surrounded by people with a different religion

My Example: Many Muslims who don’t live in the Middle East are commonly found in the countries of Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In America an example of a religious enclave would be Muslims surrounded by Christians.

Question 100

• *Sacred space:** location that holds spiritual significance for the faithful
• *Secularism:** the belief that religion should not play a role in government, school or public parts of society
• *Theocracy:** government based on religious principals and beliefs

Answer 100

My definition:

Sacred space - location holds spiritual significance

Secularism - church-state separation

Theocracy - government based on religious beliefs

My Example: Mecca is a sacred space for Muslims. Many early settlers of America, including the independent-minded Rhode Islanders believed in church-state separation. The Taliban held a theocracy before it was overthrown in 2001.

Question 105

Agglomeration: The centralization of parts of an industry for the mutual benefit of the industry as a whole.

Answer 105

My definition: centralization of industry for mutual benefit of industry as a whole

My example: Car industries in Detroit

Question 106

Basic industries: The industries that are the focal point of the economy for a city.

Answer 106

My definition: industries are focal point of economy

Question 107

Break of bulk: Point where goods are transferred – oceangoing ships to truck or rail

Answer 107

My definition: place where goods are transferred

My example: Ports in Miami

Question 108

Capitalism: An economic system that lets the competi­tive market determine the price of goods in a society and in which people have the freedom to choose their outcomes based on their abil­ity to pay for a product.

Answer 108

My definition: self-determining market

My example: America

Question 109

Communism: An economic system in which the government has total control over the prices of goods in a society, ranging from the price of bread to utility prices.

Answer 109

My definition: government has total control

My example: Former Soviet Union

Question 110

Commodification: When a good idea that was previously not thought of as sellable is turned into an item that can be bought or traded (commodity)

Answer 110

My definition: previously not good idea to sellable idea

My example:

Question 111

Commodity chain: Series of links connecting all the places of production and distribution of a product

Answer 111

My definition: links production and distribution of product

My example: Railroads

Question 112

Core-periphery model (World systems Theory): Model suggesting the core areas are more developed while periphery areas are less developed and often times the periphery is at the economic beckoning of the core through resources.

Answer 112

My Definition: core areas more developed, peripheral areas

My example: America is core and Uganda is periphery

Question 113

Deglomeration: Occurs when the market becomes saturated with a particular industry, creating too much competition and forcing some businesses to shut down.

Answer 113

My definition: market becomes saturated

My example:

Question 114

Deindustrialization: When industrial jobs move to other regions for cheaper labor, leaving the area to switch to a service economy often including periods of high unemployment

Answer 114

My definition: moving from secondary to tertiary services

My example: Textiles from America and Britain to India

Question 115

Dependence theory: Suggests that more developed countries ex­ploit less developed countries to remain at the top of international trade.

Answer 115

My definition: MDCs exploit LDCs to remain on top of international trade

My example: America exploits China, Vietnam, etc

Question 116

Development: The continued progress of a society in all ar­eas, including demographics, economics, and social factors.

Answer 116

My definition: continued progress of society

My example: China with increasing market economy, population, and rising out of poverty

Question 117

Dollarization: When a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country or abandons it altogether in favor of the wealthier countries currency

Answer 117

My definition: country ties value to another currency or adopts another currency

My example: Saudi Arabia pegged its currency to the euro

Question 118

EPZs (Export Processing Zones): Secure zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory and trade arrangements to attract foreign business, countries do business in a foreign country for cheap labor or proximity to resources – the home country gets jobs and the company gets cheaper resources

Answer 118

My definition: secure economic zones with policies that are lax on customs and tarriffs and the sort.

Question 119

Extractive: Industries such as mining, fishing, lumbering

Fixed costs: Costs that do not fluctuate depending on the quantity ordered.

Answer 119

My definition: mining, fishing, lumbering, resource gathering industries

costs do not fluctuate from change in quantity

Question 120

Footloose industry: A company with no allegiance or ties to a country or a location that, therefore, can move its primary location.

Fordism: Describes an assembly line on which each em­ployee is doing a specific task to speed up the overall process of production.

Answer 120

My definition: no allegiance to country or location

assembly line with each person doing the same specialized task

Question 121

Foreign direct investment: The direct investment by a company in the economy of a foreign country characterized by a direct relationship between the investor and the product of the investment.

Answer 121

My definition: direct investment by a company in the economy of a foreign country

My example: MDCs usually invest in other MDCs

Question 122

Four Asian Tigers (Asian Dragons): Includes South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, each of which is currently ex­periencing rapid economic growth as a result of its industrial base and the exporting of items to areas like the United States and Europe.

Answer 122

My definition: South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore are all experiencing rapid economic growth.

My example: Japan inspired the Four Asian Dragons

Question 123

Gross domestic product (GDP): Determined by summing the selling value or market price of all the goods and services that are produced in a particular country in a given year.

Gross domestic product per capita: Determined by dividing the total amount of goods and services produced in a country by the total population of the country.

Answer 123

My definition: value of all goods and services produced in a certain country in a certain year

GDP/population

Example: On average LDCs have less than $3000 GDP/Capita and MDCs have greater than $30.000 GDP/Capita

Question 124

Gross national product (GNP): Determined by summing the value of the goods and services produced by a country’s factors of production within a given time period (usually one year).

Answer 124

My definition: value of goods and services by country’s people, regardless of domestic or international

My example: GNP probably higher than GDP because GDP discounts more

Question 125

Human Development Index: Includes the characteristics such as life ex­pectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living that affect all people’s lives regardless of culture.

Answer 125

My definition: literacy rate, GDP, average years of education, life expectancy

My example: Japan had a HDI of .96

Question 126

Industrial Revolution: Starting in the mid-1600s, the Industrial Revo­lution was an extension of the Enlightenment period in Europe. Began in England, and spread to other parts of Europe, North America and Japan. Created overpopulated cities and a continuous supply of cheap labor. Goods went from cottage industries to mass production. New technologies in all aspects of life were born out of this time period.

Answer 126

My definition: Many say it began in Great Britain in the 1750s.

My example: First Great Britain and then rest of Western Europe and America

Question 127

International division of labor: The specialization of labor so that production becomes individualized, thereby increasing the speed, efficiency, and quality of the overall work process.

Labor-intensive industries: Businesses that require relatively more human effort in the production process (e.g., agricul­ture).

Answer 127

My definition: specialization of labor

Businesses that require relatively more human effort in the production process

My example: some are specialized to become doctors and others military men and others brokers

Question 128

Maquiladoras: Areas in northern Mexico where goods are manufactured in foreign owned factories and sent to US markets

Multiplier effect: The expansion of the economic base of a city as a result of increased demand sparking increased production, which in turn employs more people who then demand even more goods and services.

Answer 128

My Definition: made in northern Mexico and sent to US markets

one industry sparks another

My Example: shopping malls can cause multiplier effects because businesses will be interested to put up a store front in the mall

Question 129

Neocolonialism: A situation wherein the less developed countries of the world are still economi­cally dependent upon the more developed countries, imperialism is entrenched.

New International Division of Labor: The outsourcing of jobs from more developed countries to lesser developed countries to pro­duce goods more cheaply.

Answer 129

My definition: developed countries are still dependent upon more developed countries

outsourcing of jobs to lesser developed countries

My example: outsourcing sweatshops and textiles to places such as China

Question 130

Nonbasic industries: Industries that serve as secondary businesses, established after the city has already estab­lished its basic industry.

Outsource: Turn over production or service to a third party

Answer 130

My definition: Industries that serve as secondary businesses

Turn over job to a third party

Question 131

SEZs (Special Economic Zones: A geographical region that has economic laws that are more favorable than a country’s typical economic laws. To promote rapid economic growth by using tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology. To improve infrastructure, technologies, employment. A specific amount of land is designated.

Answer 131

My definition: geographical region that has favorable economic laws

My example: Many SEZs in China, such as Hong Kong

Question 132

Site: The internal characteristics of a place based on its physical features.

Situation: The relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it.

Answer 132

My definition: physical features

relationship with other locations

My example: The surrounding physical features in Detroit are cold, industrialized, and with many trees. The situation in Detroit is that many car manufacturers are close and work together and are close to markets

Question 133

Socialism: An economic system in which the government controls the basic elements of an economy, such as food prices, transportation costs, and energy prices.

Time-Space Compression: The increase in the efficiency in the delivery process by diminishing distance obstacles, perhaps via email, fax machines, etc.

Answer 133

My Definition: government controls everything

increase in efficiency in delivery process

My example: Planes close T-S C gap further

Question 134

Transnational corporations: Large companies with offices or divisions in countries around the world.

Treaty ports: Ports that must remain open for international trade because of the signing of various treaties.

Variable costs: Costs that fluctuate based upon the volume of the order.

Answer 134

My Definition: large companies around the world

ports remain open to international trade

costs fluctuate upon change in quantity

My Example: Commodore Perry ordered Japan to open up to international trade