UNIT FOUR Vocab Flashcards
Accent: the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world
My definition: the manner in which people speak and pronounce words in different parts of the world.
My example: My mother definitely has a moderately strong Dutch accent. My mother’s brother has a very strong Dutch accent when speaking English.
Bilingual: Speaking two languages
My definition: Speaking two languages
My example: I am fluent in English, pretty good at Dutch, and decent in Spanish. Also, my mother is fluent in Dutch and English.
BRP: British Received Pronunciation. The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered a standard
My definition: British Received Pronunciation is the dialect associated with upper class Britons that is now considered the standard
My example: There are many dialects in England but the dialect associated with upper class Britons living in London is now considered the standard
Creole: a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
My definition: mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language
My example: The language Afrikaans adopted words from languages such as Portuguese, the Bantu languages, Malay, Khoisan languages, and mostly from Dutch.
Dialect: A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
My definition: distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
My example: Dialects of German in the United States are Amish Swiss German, Texas German, Wisconsin High German, Swiss German, etc
- *Ebonics:** a dialect spoken by some African Americans
- *Esperanto:** A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language.
**My definition: **
Ebonics is a dialect spoken by some African Americans
Esperanto is a Latin-based language which early 12th century proponents hoped to become a global language
**My example:** Ebonics is mostly commonly spoken today by urban working-class and largely bi-dialectal middle-class African Americans. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people fluently or actively speak Esperanto.
Extinct language: A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
My definition: no longer used
My example: last native speaker of Klallam language died in February 2014
Franglais: the widespread use of English in the French language. A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai.” the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.
My definition: the widespread use of English in the French language
My example: Examples of Franglais are…
Je suis tired - I am tired
Je ne care pas - I don’t care
J’agree - I agree
- *Ideogram:** symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word
- *Isogloss:** A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
My definition:
Ideogram - stands for a concept than word
Isogloss - boundary that separates regions in which different language usages dominate
My example: Ideograms include the biohazard sign, the stop sign, and the wheelchair access sign
- *Isolated language:** A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
- *Language:** A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
My definition:
Isolated language is unrelated to any other languages and language families
Language is a system of communication
**My Example: **Basque and Korean are commonly cited examples of isolated languages
Language branch: A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.
My definition: collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
**My Example: **Indo-European branches are Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, and Italic
- *Language family:** a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
- *Language group:** A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
My definition:
fam- collection of languages related through a common ancestor long before recorded history
group - collection of languages within a branch that share an origin relatively recent in the past
**My Example: **Language families are Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Altaic, etc. Language groups include Low Germanic and High Germanic
Lingua Franca: A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
- *linguistics:** study of language
- *literary tradition:** A language that is written as well as spoken
- *mono-lingual:** Speaking only one language.
- *multi-lingual:** Speaking several languages.
My definition:
lingu - study of language
lit tradition - written as well as spoken
mono - one language
multi - more than one language
**My Example: **Couple of my friends are mono-lingual but most of them are multi-lingual
- *Official language:** The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
- *Orthography:** the study of where languages are found/located
My definition:
official - adopted for use by the government
ortho - study of where languages are found/located
**My Example: **Orthographists would find that English is spoken nearly everywhere, especially in North America and West Europe
Pidgin language: A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
My Definition: simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca
**My Example: **Pidgin languages include Basque-Icelandic pidgin, Nigerian Pidgin, and Pidgin Hawaiian
- *Spanglish:** Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.
- *Standard language:** The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
**My definition: **
Spang - combo of English and Spanish
Standard lang - used for government, business, and education, and mass communications
My Example: Many students speak Spanglish in their Spanish classrooms. Standard Hindi and Urdu are India’s standard languages
Toponym: the name by which a geographical place is known
**My definition: **name of a geo place
My Example: Highest mountain of the Himalayas is called Mt. Everest, or Sagarmatha in Nepal, or Chomolungma in Tibet
- *Trade language:** A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
- *Vernacular:** the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
**My Definition: **
trade lang - allows different speakers to communicate so they can trade
vernacular - everyday speech of the people
My Example: English is a trade language in many international business meetings
Animism: belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
My definition: inanimate objects have discrete spirits and conscious lives
My Example: A movie example of animism is Avatar
Autonomous religion: a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
My definition: religion that does not have a central authority
My Example: Judaism and Animisim are autonomous religions
- *Branch:** a large and fundamental division within a religion
- *Caste:** the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law
**My definition: **
branch - large division within religion
caste - distinct hereditary order
My Example: Islam made a formal split in 632, and Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church split officially in 1054.
Cosmogony: a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
**My definition: **set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
My Example: Steven Hawkings believe the universe started with a big bang. Others believe the Titans did. Others believe God made it so.
- *Denomination:** a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
- *Diocese:** the basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church
My definition:
Deno - division of a branch that brings congregations into an administrative body
Dio - basic unit of geo organization in Roman Catholic Church
**My Example: **Denominations in the USA include Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and Mormon. The Pope is also called the Diocese of Rome.
Ethnic religion: a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principle are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
My definition: based on physical characteristics of the particular location of where adherents are concentrated
My Example: Hinduism in the Caribbean is considered an ethnic religion by some scholars.
Fundamentalism: literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
My definition: strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
My Example: Muslim extremists are often fundamentalists or rather they think themselves to be
Ghetto: during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of the city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
My definition: a neighborhood in a city to be inhabited only by Jews; now its where very poor minority groups live
My Example: Ghettos in Miami are probably filled with law-breakers, poor and homeless people, and minorities living in terrible condtions.
Hierarchical religion: a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
My definition: central authority exercises a high degree of control
My Example: The Roman Catholic Church has a very rich and influential chain of religious command with the Pope on top
- *Missionary:** an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
- *Monotheism:** the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god
- *Pagan:** a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
- *Pilgrimage:** a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
- *Polytheism:** belief in or worship of more than one god
Sect: a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
**My definition: **
Missionary - who helps diffuse a religion
Monotheism - only one God
Pagan - follower of polytheistic religion
Pilgrimage - journey to a relgious sacred place
Polytheism - more than one god
Sect - small group broken away from an established denomination
My Example: The religious hotspot for Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike is Jerusalem. Roman Catholic sects include Palmarian Catholic Church, Community of the Lady of All Nations, and the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.
Universalizing/proselytic religion: a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location, members try to convert others
My definition: religion that attempts to appeal to all people
My Example: Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism
Interfaith boundaries: the boundaries between the world’s major faiths
My definition: boundaries between world’s major faiths
My Example: An example of an interfaith conflict that exists between several countries is in Africa, including Nigera and the Muslim inhabited zone north of its borders.
- *Religious Exclave:** people practicing their religion who are physically separated from their religions hearth
- *Religious Enclave:** people with a particular religion surrounded by people with a different religion
**My definition: **
exclave - practicing religion outside religious hearths
enclave - people with a particular religion surrounded by people with a different religion
My Example: Many Muslims who don’t live in the Middle East are commonly found in the countries of Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In America an example of a religious enclave would be Muslims surrounded by Christians.
- *Sacred space:** location that holds spiritual significance for the faithful
- *Secularism:** the belief that religion should not play a role in government, school or public parts of society
- *Theocracy:** government based on religious principals and beliefs
My definition:
Sacred space - location holds spiritual significance
Secularism - church-state separation
Theocracy - government based on religious beliefs
My Example: Mecca is a sacred space for Muslims. Many early settlers of America, including the independent-minded Rhode Islanders believed in church-state separation. The Taliban held a theocracy before it was overthrown in 2001.
