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Psych > Unit one vocab > Flashcards

Unit one vocab Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an out come, that one would have for seen it. (I-knew-it- all-along phenomenon)t

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2
Q

theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors of events.

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

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4
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in a research study.

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5
Q

replication

A

repeating a study to test if it was accurate the first time they did it.

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6
Q

case study

A

descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in dept in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.

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8
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particle group, usually by questioning a representative, Random sample of the group.

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9
Q

Sampling bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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10
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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11
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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12
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

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13
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

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14
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can carry and in=a feasible and ethical to measure

(Something that can be measured)

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15
Q

Scatter plot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

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16
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

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17
Q

Regression towards the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

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18
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to find the result of something they are trying to test.

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19
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that is exposed to the thing that is being tested

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20
Q

Control group

A

Is the group that is not exposed to the thing that is getting tested.

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21
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups randomly

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22
Q

Double-bind procedure

A

Both research participants and he research staff does not know who received the treatment and who received the placebo

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23
Q

Placebo

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone.

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24
Q

Confounding variable
(Confounding = close to)

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence the study’s result

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25
Dependent variable
The outcome that is measure in an experiment
26
Informed consent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether or not to participate
27
Debriefing
Post Experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose
28
Descriptive statistics
**Numerical** data used to measure and **describe characteristics** of groups
29
Histogram
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
30
Mode
The frequently occurring scores in a distribution
31
Mean
Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
32
Median
The middle score in a distribution
33
Skewed distribution
A representation of score that **lack symmetry around their average value**
34
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in distribution
35
Standard deviation (Vary around = deviation)
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
36
Normal curve
A symmetrical bell shaped curve
37
Inferential statistics
Numerical data that allow one to generalize to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
38
Statistical significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result **occurred by chance**
39
Critical thinking
(*Thinking logically*) Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
40
Empiricism
The idea that **knowledge comes from experience** and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
41
Structuralism
An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener used introspection to reveal the structure
42
Introspection
The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological process.
43
Functionalism
An early school of thought promoted by james and influenced by **darwin**; explored how mental and behavior processes **function** - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish
44
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
45
Humanistic psychology
A historically significant perspective that emphasizes **human growth potential**
46
Cognitive psychology
MENTAL PROCESSES (The study of mental processes such as occurs when we perceive, learn, rember, think, communicate, and solve problems)
47
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain linked with cognitive (including perception, thinking, memory, and language
48
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
49
Nature - nurture issue
The longstanding controversy=sy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science seems to have traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
50
Natural selection
The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
51
Evolutionary psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
52
Behavior genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
53
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another
54
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues may help individuals and communities to thrive
55
Biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological and sociocultural viewpoints
56
behavior psychology
the study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
57
Biological psychology
The scientific study links between biological (genetic neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (some biological psychologists call themselves behaviorists, neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, psychological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)
58
psychodynamic (**unconscious mind**) psychology
Branch of psychology that studies how **unconscious drives** and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
59
social-culture society
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
60
testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced reviewing.
61
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps: survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
62
Psychometrics
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
63
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
64
developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical , cognitive, and social change throughout the span of life.
65
education psychology
study of how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning
66
personality psychology
The Study Of individual’s characteristics patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
67
social psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
68
applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
69
Industrial organization psychology
The application of psychological concepts and method to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
70
human factors psychology
A field of psychology allied with i/o psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
71
counseling psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage ) and in achieving greater well -being.
72
clinical psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
73
psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical ( for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
74
community psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

Psych (3 decks)

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