Unit one test review: Renaissance Flashcards
1
Q
Medieval period
A
- marked with the fall of the Roman Empire, until the 15th century
- Romans ruling over Asia and Africa
- dominated by Christian theology
- social structure dictated by Hierarchical Order
2
Q
feudalism
A
Small communities formed around the local lord and the manor
3
Q
torture in Medieval period
A
- Common punishment = hanging, mutilation, amputation public shaming
- Guilty until proven innocent
- Ordeal: Carry a red-hot iron bar. If your wounds healed, you were innocent.
- Combat: Duel it out! God would let the innocent win
4
Q
black death
A
- began in Asia and spread rapidly
- spread because towns were dirty places
- bathing and cleanliness was not good, including sleeping conditions
- disposal of bodies was unsanitary
- symptoms included: swelling in armpits and groin, fever, internal bleeding
- roughly 1 in 3 people died in Europe, bringing decline on the church and caused depression
5
Q
economic implications in the Medieval period
A
- many peasants were killed, that the remaining ones could argue for better conditions and higher wages
6
Q
What is the Renaissance (period it takes place)
A
- from 14th to 17th century
- Europe experiences a “reawakening”
- 3 values: Humanism, Secularism, and Individualism
7
Q
Renaissance origin (country)
A
- began on the Italian peninsula
- 12 major city states
- gateways to Eastern trade: Florence, Venice, Rome, Milan
8
Q
Significance of Florence
A
- Secular cultural movement
- Artistic innovation
- International banking, commerce, manufacturing
9
Q
Feudal society to Capitalist society
A
- feudal economy replaced by capitalist economy
- loans become popular
- Medici family allowed Florence to flourish
10
Q
Medici family
A
- Giovanni de Medici started the Medici bank in Florence
- Family-sponsored artists
- say we must go back to classical writing to flourish
11
Q
Characteristics of humanism
A
- New way of thinking → balance b/w religion and quality of human society
- Focused on the centrality of human experience
- the ability for an individual to excel in multiple fields of life
- more knowledge you have, the more power you have
- Decline in medieval values
- Increase in attitudes about wealth, social and moral duty
Emphasized dignity of individual - Individual achievement should be valued more than a person’s class or family.
12
Q
Gutenberg Press
A
- led to a great demand for books in the mid 15th century
- Humanist movement fueled its success
13
Q
Niccolo Machiavello
A
- Published The Prince
- Rejected the restrictions of religion
- Rulers should only be concerned with power
- “The end justifies the means”
14
Q
Desiderius Erasmus
A
- “Prince of Humanists”
- translated New Testament of Bible into vernacular
- In Praise of Folly, Erasmus uses satire to criticize the Church
15
Q
Thomas More
A
- Brings renaissance north from italy
- wrote Utopia
16
Q
Medieval VS Renaissance art
A
Medieval:
- Religion focused
- unrealistic
- disproportionate
- focus on war
Renaissance:
- focused on ideal human form
- nudity
- eternal ideas of beauty
- linear perspective developed
17
Q
Realism Techniques
A
- perspective: frame draws the viewers eyes toward the main viewing area
- foreshortening: illusion of projection or extension into space
- sfumato: blurring of sharp outlines, gradual blending
- balance and proportion: use proper sizes
18
Q
Giotto di Bondone
A
- Made Fresco paintings.
- water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster
19
Q
Sandro Botticelli
A
The Birth of Venus (first female nude)
20
Q
Leonardo Da Vinci
A
- Mona Lisa
- The Vitruvian Man: idea of balance and proportion
- Adoration of the Magi: Christ being adored by the three kings
-The Last Supper: 1st-time figures are portrayed lively and emotionally
21
Q
Michelangelo Buonarroti
A
- The Statue of David: appears as a properly proportioned human
- The ceiling of The Sistine Chapel: Depicted the book of Genesis.
- La Pieta: the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary
22
Q
Donato Donatelo
A
- David: first nude free-standing life sized statue created, Contrapposta pose
23
Q
Filippo Brunelleschi
A
- The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore: largest dome. Built without employing centering
24
Q
3 factors of exploration
A
- God
- Glory
- Gold (what can you find to acquire wealth
25
Bartolomeu Dias
- reached the Indian ocean
- Europeans can now trade with Asia and India via water
- land trade was more expensive
- led to shipbuilding improvements
26
Christopher Columbus
- Discovery of America in 1492
- Moved to Spain from Italy → to find a westward route to Asia
- Spanish King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabelle I provided money and ships for his voyage.
purpose of voyage
- Crusading and conversion: wanted to spread Christianity and convert the people he encountered to the faith
- Source of gold and silver
27
Vasco da Gama
1498; Portuguese explorer reached India by sea
- The voyage back was disastrous, the crew died from scurvy
1502: Voyage #2
- military expedition
- 20 fighting vessels
1509: trading with China and Singapore; spire islands
28
Ferdinand Magellan
1520: Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the SW passage and began to circumnavigate the globe
Significance:
- Demonstrated the possibility of sailing around the world
- importance of accurate navigation and cartography
- The need for reliable food and water supplies during long sea voyages
29
Juan Elcano
1522: Spanish explorer Elcano is the first to circumnavigate the globe
30
Pros VS cons of exploration
- Rise of global trade
- Economic and population growth in Europe
- Discovery of America and Conquistadors
- Rise of the slave trade
- Rise of Mercantilism
31
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
- Divided the globe to prevent conflict
- A line 48 degrees West longitude was established. - - - Any land to the west belonged to Spain.
- Spanish claim Americans and the Philippines
- Portuguese claim Brazil, Africa, and parts of Asia
32
why was there a need for African slaves in the Americas?
33
3 stages of Triangular Trade System
The trading network carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
- The first leg of the triangle:
Ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves
- Second leg:
Middle passage, brought Africans to the Americas to be sold
- Third leg:
Carried American products to Europe
34
Africas participation in the slave trade
- African slaves were sold off by other fellow Africans - and traded to Europeans in exchange for goods.
- African kings obtained slaves from prisoners of war captured in conflicts between African kingdoms.
35
The Middle Passage
TREATMENT OF SLAVES & CONDITIONS ON THE SHIPS
- The journey lasted 6-8 weeks
Chained around the neck and then marched to the coast
- Carried heavy loads
- Physically abused = died from exhaustion
- Men and women separated = psychological trauma
- Packed like cargo on the lower decks of the slave ships
Chained together, naked, into spaces the size of coffins
- Fed once or twice a day
- Some refused to eat and crew members used tools to pry open their mouths and force-feed them.
- Disease spread due to confinement
- Sick slaves were cast overboard to prevent infection from spreading
36
Scientific Revolution
- Scientists question traditional beliefs and the church about the workings of the universe
- A new way of thinking about the natural world
- Before 1500, the bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth
37
Aristotle and the "old view of the universe"
- Earth was a sphere
- Earth was stationary
- Common sense, since we don't feel the Earth moving
Earth at the center of hierarchical universe
38
Botany
plant science
artists/thinkers wanted to know + portray reality
How they are used by humans = food + medicinal drugs
39
Anatomy
- Andreas Vesalius wrote “The Structure of the Human Body”
- Modernized understanding of the human body frames
40
Physiology
- Metabolism, digestion, respiration, circulation etc
- William Harvey “on the movement of the heart and blood” discovered the
- continuous circulation of blood → discovered the capillaries
41
beliefs of Nicolaus Copernicus -> heliocentric model
- One of the 1st to challenge the old cosmology
- Heliocentric model (sun-centered universe)
- Planets, moon, stars did not revolve around the earth at the same speed
- Earth turns on its axis just like the other planets
42
Galileo Galilei
Improved telescope
- 1st to use it to study moon and planets
- Observations disprove geocentrism
Church punished him for his belief in this idea
- Condemned by Catholic inquisition in 1633 for heresy
- House arrest
- Forced to recant his theories
43
Significance of Francis Bacon --> empiricism
- Popularized scientific method
44
Empiricism
- Human knowledge comes from experiences gathered through the five senses
- Thoughts shaped by actual observed facts
- Science to serve practical purposes
45
Rene Descartes - rationalism
- Inventor of coordinate geometry
- "Discourse on Method" - nature can be reduced to mathematical form
46
Rationalism
- Seeking clear self-evident truth
- Human knowledge based on reason and assumptions
- Believed that individuals have innate knowledge
- Rationalists believe in intuition
- Connected to deductive reasoning
47
inductive VS deductive reasoning
Inductive = probability
deductive = certainty
48
Deductive reasoning
“I think, therefore I am”
- Premises lead to a certain conclusion
49
greatest achievements of Scientific Revolution
- heliocentric model
- improved telescope
- infinite number of stars
- disproved the Churchs idea that Earth was centre of the universe, and sun and moon were perfect since created by God
- bodies in motions would continue moving unless there was some form of resistance
- Isaac Newton = theory of motion = GRAVITY
50
long term effects of the Scientific revolution
- emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and biology
Change in ideology occurred by these reasons:
- the derivation of new experimental methods
- the ability to build on the legacy of existing scientific philosophy
- institutions that enabled academic publishing.
