Unit 2 test: Reformation and Religious Wars Flashcards
What political, economic, and social factors helped bring about the Reformation?
By 1500, the Catholic Church had become similar to a modern state
- Its admin
- Tax system
- Courts, custom services
- Wealth
- Political power could influence the decisions of
- European monarchs and even declare wars
- Pope’s were competing with princes for power in Italy
To finance these lifestyles, the church (Pope Leo X):
- Raised fees (baptism, marriage)
- Sell indulgences
- Buy your way into heaven
- Church will free you of your sin
- Reduce time in Purgatory
Who is Desiderius Erasmus and his beliefs
- Dutch Renaissance humanist
- Rejected pilgrimages and vows to saints
- be informed from the bible
- believed that religion focused on the individual experience –> leads to a meaningful/virtuous life, NOT controlling/manipulating through doctrine
Who is Martin Luther
- Roman Catholic
- Prayed and promised St. Anne that he would become a Monk if she would save him from a violent thunderstorm
- Intensive studies of the Bible = searched for answers about salvation and righteousness.
- Earned a doctorate in theology
- Became a professor of Biblical literature
Martin Luther and Pope Leo X
Luther observed a decrease in the # of people in Wittenberg, Germany, coming to confession
–> Pope Leo X launched the sale of indulgences to help fund the new St. Peter’s Cathedral
- Luther thought this went against the Bible:
Not faith
Buy you’re way into heaven
Spiritual abuse that exploited one’s fears
95 theses
Luther preached against the indulgence trade
- He started the 95 Theses, which was used as the basis for a discussion on the topic
- Challenged the Catholic Church = criticized the Church’s practice of selling indulgences
- Questioning Church authority + advocating for Biblical teachings over papal decrees –> creates movement towards Protestant Reformation
- Luther labelled as heretic
- Pope issued a bull (papal order), excommunicating Luther if he did not submit but Luther challenged Pope
- Declared Luther an outlaw, = anyone could kill him without punishment Condemned to Hell
Frederick the Wise
- Local German Prince
- Kidnapped Martin Luther and secretly held him for several years
During captivity: - Luther translated the New Testament into German = Before this only Priests and Educated people understood
- Helped ordinary German people read the Bible for themselves
main characteristics of Zwinglian
- started by Ulrich Zwingli, Switzerland
- believed the ceremony of Christ’s body and blood in the ceremony of the Eucharist was to be symbolic.
- Look at scripture as the guide to Religious life.
main characteristics of Calvinism
- started by John Calvin, France
- emphasized the power of God and God’s authority over corrupt humanity, a humanity that should be humble and obedient to God
- Belief in salvation by faith alone
- God alone determines who will be saved (predestination)
- everyone is obliged to live a good life by following Gods commands
main characteristics of Anabaptist
- started by other Protestant Sects, small rural communities
- Adult baptism rather than infant baptism by conscious choice
- Women were permitted to become ministers
- pacifists, believing that the religious community was separated from the state and do not owe it allegiance
main characteristics of Anglicanism
- started by King Henry VIII, England
- retained same structure as Catholic Church
- institutionalized Protestantism, sharing similar beliefs
- Henry’s daughter, Elizabeth I, made it not so punishing that others religions could not survive
- The clergy are permitted to marry
- english became the language of prayer and the veneration of saints was ended
Henry VIII Before Reformation
Against Martin Luther
Wrote “Defense of the Seven Sacraments”
- Dispute Luther’s claim that there are 7 sacraments, instead of 2 sacraments
“Defender of the Faith”
Why does Henry VIII move away from the Catholic Church? (i.e. relationship with his
wives/children, Canon Law, God’s judgement, Act of Supremacy & Church of England)
Married Catherine of Aragon (brothers wife)
- obtained papal dispensation to do this –> Under Canon Law, a man could not marry his brother’s widow
- she did not make any heirs
–> maybe because God’s judgement on him marrying his brothers wife
Henry wanted to marry someone else
- Divorce is not recognized in the Catholic Church
Henry found Anne Boleyn
- For Henry to marry her, he needed a dispensation
–> Pope would ignore Canon Law, but pope said no
So, Henry creates ACT OF SUPREMACY, he now can marry Anne
also:
- printing bible in english
- pope has no power over England
- religious buildings closed
King Edward VI
- brought up as Protestant
- 9 years old when he became king
- died young, unmarried
- he did not want his sister, Mary, to be Catholic queen
- he chose Lady Jane instead
- she ruled for 9 days
- Mary finally became queen
Queen ‘Bloody’ Mary I
Restored Catholicism in England
- Mary married Philip II of Spain (Spain was one of the most powerful Catholic countries)
- Philip supported Mary in restoring Catholicism in England
- Mary demanded that all English people return to the Catholic faith
- Burned 300 Protestant heretics at the stake
Queen Elizabeth I
daughter of Anne Boleyn
brought back Protestantism
made religious settlement with 2 main principles:
- Religious uniformity –> must attend sunday services
- compromise with Catholics –> their practices can remain
Parliament passed the Act for the Assurance of the Queen’s Power
- recognized Elizabeth, and not the Pope, as the head of the Church
- England then remained broken from the Catholic Church
Elizabeth the “Good”
Worked hard at being a good queen
- Visited different towns and cities in England
- Tried to keep her people safe
- She set up a council of advisors called the Privy Council
- many people tried to assassinate her (Queen Mary of Scots)
What problem(s) surfaced in France as a result of the Catholics and Huguenots?
Huguenots: French protestants
Calvinists: followed John Calvin
Why were they a problem in France?
- nobility and middle class became Huguenots
- Demonstrating their independence from the Catholic monarchy
- They stood in the way of Catholic unity –> political threat
How to solve the problem:
- Catherine de Medici (Queen of France) made her daughter marry a Protestant leader
why did she do this:
- prevent further tensions between both groups
- reconcile religious differences
What was the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre and why was it significant?
ordered by Catherine de Medici
why?
- Fear of the growing influence of Protestantism and losing control over affairs
lasted Several days
- Resulted in the targeted killing of thousands of Huguenots in Paris and other cities across France
- Started because of the arranged marriage between Henry of Navarre and Marguerite de Valois - Huguenot nobles gathered in Paris to celebrate
- Catherine allegedly ordered the assassination of several Huguenots leaders
-Violence quickly spread across France
Significance:
- Official start of religious conflict between Catholic + Protestants
- Major blow for the Huguenots: weakened their political power/influence
- 3000 Huguenots killed in Paris
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
Protestant ruler of Navarre, France
- successor to french crown
Problem: A Huguenot (protestant) but France is CATHOLIC
Problem solved: Converts to Catholicism
POLITIQUE: Political philosophy
- Focuses on compromise + diplomacy = willingness to work with people of different religious backgrounds
The Edict of Nantes:
- Partial religious toleration to French Huguenots
- Limited toleration in certain cities where Huguenots were in majority
- Goals: peace and stability
Thirty Years’ War
- One of the longest and most brutal wars
- Millions of casualties
- Continuation of the religious war initiated by the Reformation
Peace of Augsburg
Goal: resolve conflict by dividing up the empire between Catholic and Lutheran states
- Legal acceptance of both Catholicism and Lutheranism in the H.R.E
Calvinism
Not a legal religion in the Empire by the peace of Augsburg
Spread in spite of its prohibition
Main combatants
Holy Roman Empire VS Alliance of Protestant towns
France (Catholic) VS Holy Roman Empire (Habsburgs)
