unit one test Flashcards

9/10/24

1
Q

 The study of connections in nature
 How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

 A group of individual organisms of the same species living within a particular area

A

Population

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3
Q

 A community of different species interacting together and with the chemical and physical factors making up its non-living environment

A

Ecosystem

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4
Q

non living

A

abiotic ecosystem

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5
Q

living

A

biotic

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6
Q

Chemicals organisms need in large numbers to live, grow, and reproduce (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron)

A

macronutrients

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7
Q

Needed in small or trace amounts (sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine)

A

micronutrients

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8
Q

o Production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide (may occur through photosynthesis)
o Almost all life on earth is directly or indirectly reliant on it

A

primary production

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9
Q

o The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in each length of time

A

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

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10
Q

 As plant or animal matter dies it will break down and return the chemicals back to the soil.
 This happens very quickly in tropical rainforest which results in low-nutrient soils.
 Grasslands have the deepest and most nutrient rich of all soils

A

decomposition

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10
Q

o the remaining fixed energy is referred to as

A

Net Primary Production (NPP)

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11
Q

 An organism uses solar energy (green plant) or chemical energy (bacteria) to manufacture its food called chemosynthesis

A

producer

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12
Q

 Get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains (heterotrophs)

A

consumers

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13
Q

o primary consumers that eat producers (feeds directly on all or parts of plants)

A

herbivores

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14
Q

o primary consumers that eat primary consumers

A

carnivores

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15
Q

o an organism that fees only on primary consumers, most animals but some plants

A

1st Order Secondary consumers

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16
Q

o Animals that feed on animal eating animals

A

2nd Order Tertiary Consumer

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17
Q

o animal that feeds on tertiary consumers (humans)

A

3rd Order Quaternary Consumer

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18
Q

feed on both plants and animals

A

omnivores

19
Q

An organism, often a bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem They are the recyclers in the ecosystem

A

decomposers

19
Q

Are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators

A

scavengers

20
Q

 determines how energy and nutrients move from one organism to another through the ecosystem

A

food web

20
Q

An organism that survives on a diet of dead and decaying plant and animal matter. This decaying organic material is also known as detritus

A

detritivores

21
Q

 Ecological efficacy: percentage of useable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next
 90% of the energy at each energy level is lost because the organism uses energy(heat)
 Its more efficient to eat lower on the energy pyramid

A

10% rule

22
Q

 The accumulation overtime of chemical substances in an organism

A

bioaccumulation

23
Q

 The increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain

A

biomagnification

24
Q

 The increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain

A

carrying capacity

25
Q

 Unstable environment, density independent, small organism, low energy used, many offsprings, early maturity, everyone only reproduces once, die in a short time (pattern type iii), and few live much longer

A

r-strategist

26
Q

 Stable environment, density dependent, large organisms, high energy used, few offsprings, late maturity, parental care, long life expectancy, individuals reproduce more than once, maximum life span (pattern type I or ii)

A

k-strategist

27
Q

place where an organism lives

A

habitat

28
Q

total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem (the physical, chemical, and biological conditions)

A

niche

29
Q

 The number of different species it contains (species richness) combined with the abundance of individuals within each of those species (species evenness).

A

species diversity

30
Q

o Adaptable to many environments
o Broad niche
o Less likely to become extinct
o Variety of resources
o High range of tolerance
o Advantages in condition change

A

generalist’s species

31
Q

o eat a limited diet
o a much narrower niche
o more likely to become extinct
o use specific set of resources
o easily affected by changing conditions
o advantage with constant conditions

A

specialist species

32
Q

o Create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species
o Elephants push over, break, or uproot trees, creating forest openings promoting grass growth for other species
o Beavers are ecological engineers: build dams

A

foundation species

32
Q

o Serve as early warnings of damage to a community/ecosystem
o Presence or absence of trout species (sensitive to temp/oxygen levels)
o EX: birds, amphibians, and lichen

A

indicator species

32
Q

o Help determine the types and numbers of other species
o Maintains the ecosystem and keeps it functioning, serving other species

A

keystone species

33
Q

those that normally live and thrive in a particular community

A

Native species

34
Q

those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community
 Displace native species, lower biodiversity, adapt to local habitats, contribute to habitat fragmentation, and reproduce quickly

A

Non-native species

35
Q

 Overtime niche overlap is reduced

A

resource partitioning

36
Q

 Close ecological relationships between the individuals of two or more different species

A

symbiosis

37
Q

 Two species can interact in ways that benefit both of them

A

mutualism

38
Q

 When one species(parasite) feeds on part of another species(host) by living on or in it for a large portion of the host’s life
 They promote community biodiversity
 Rarely kills their host
 Can external or internal
 Weaken the host over a period of time
 Small in comparison to the host
 Lots of them are microscopic

A

parasites

39
Q

 Benefits one species but doesn’t harm or help the other
 Epiphyte: plant that attaches itself to a branch high in a tree

A

commensalism

40
Q

 A limiting factor that depends on population
 Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease
 Operate only when the population density reaches a certain level
 Do not affect small, scattered populations as greatly

A

density dependent limiting factors

41
Q

 Limiting factors that affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size
 EX: unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and certain human activities (damming rivers/cutting forests)

A

density INdependent limiting factors