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Modern World History: HONORS > Unit One: Revolutions > Flashcards

Unit One: Revolutions Flashcards

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1
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

John Locke

A
  • Natural Rights:
    - Life, liberty, property
  • Right to rebel
  • People can govern themselves
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2
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

Montesquieu

A
  • Public good above individual needs
  • Government should have 3 branches:
    • Judicial, Legislative, Executive
  • Checks and Balances (one branch cannot be too powerful)
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3
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

Voltaire

A
  • People are TERRIBLE by nature and improve through learning and laws
  • Freedom of speech, thought, religion
  • People need a monarchy, can’t govern themselves
    - Contradicts John Locke

Grew up rich

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4
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A
  • People are born good but then corrupted
    - Contradict’s Voltaire
  • Best government is a direct democracy where EVERYONE votes
  • Public good above individual needs
    - Same as Montesquieu
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5
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

Mary Wollstonecraft

A
  • All people are equal and can control their own destiny
  • Fought for women’s rights
  • Eduation is neccessary
  • Society, not nature, created the inequality between men and women
  • Society would be better with women in it
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6
Q

Revolutionary Thinking

Natural Rights

A
  • ALL people are born with natural rights
    - right to life, liberty and property
  • Slaves were not considered people and were not granted these natural rights
    - people made excuses
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7
Q

Revolutionary Thinking

Social Contract

A
  • People give up some freedoms, government gives people protection
  • people are consenting to be governed for protected rights
  • If government doesn’t protect their rights, people have the right to revolt
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8
Q

Revolutionary Thinking

Separation of Powers

A
  • one branch of government will not become too powerful
  • keep the checks and balances
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9
Q

Revolutionary Thinking

Direct Democracy

A
  • Rousseau’s beliefs that everyone should vote directly for laws
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10
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

The Estate System

A
  • First Estate:
    -Clergy/ Roman catholic church
    -scorned enlightenment
    -1% of the population
  • Second Estate:
    -Nobles
    -High government officials
    -Royalty adjacent
    -60/40 pro enlightenment
    -NO TAXES
    -2% of the population
  • Third Estate:
    -Urban lower class, farmers, merchants, doctors, lawyers (Bourgeoisie)
    -could not influence government
    -97% of the population
    -REBELLED
    -50% income goes to nobles (Taxes)
    -King louis XVI would not lower their taxes or stop raising them
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11
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

Economic Problems

A
  • High taxes
    • 50% of third estate income went to taxes to pay for the nobles way of life
  • King louis refused to stop increasing third estate taxes
  • Crop failures led to food shortages and inflation of prices (BREAD)
  • Extravagant royal spending
  • High cost of living
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12
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

King Louis XVI

A
  • Uninterested in leadership
  • Extremely indecisive
  • Very suggestable and impressionable
  • Refused to address problems until it was too late
  • Young when he took the throne
  • Him and Marie refused to admit they were in peril
  • Liked to joke around while naked
    • Showed people he was too immature and couldn’t be taken seriously even though Louis took himself VERY seriously
  • Would not have kids for several years because of erectile dysfunction, angered many
  • If he gave up on spending and luxury enemies would’ve gotten the idea that France is vulnerable and is ready to be attacked
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13
Q

PRE-TERROR

National Assembly

A
  • large group of representatives of the 3rd-Estate, vowing to achieve better treatment for themselves
  • Created after the estates general told them they would be granted more representatives and got the reps but it was still only 33% when they took up 97% of population
  • Wanted a new constitution
    Their actions:
  • Took away church lands and sold them to pay government debts
  • France became a constitutional monarchy
  • The king and the people’s elected representatives share power
  • Controlled by “Jacobins”

“Jacobins” believe change needs to happen NOW

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14
Q

PRE-TERROR

Tennis Court Oath

A
  • Members of the 3rd Estate vow to never stop meeting until a new french constitution has been established
  • Met outside/on tennis court
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15
Q

PRE-TERROR

Storming of the Bastille

A
  • Members of the National Assembly stole armory and stormed a french prison called the Bastille where nobles were usually kept
  • The Bastille stood for the King’s power, so this was a huge symbolic event
  • The angry mob proceeded to demolish the Bastille brick by brick with their bare hands
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16
Q

PRE-TERROR

Power Struggle

Two Influencial Groups: Jacobins, Girondins

A
  • Jacobins: radicals
    • Real change must happen NOW
  • Girondins: moderates
    • Real change will take TIME
  • (Jacobins win popular support and gradually take control of the National Assembly)
17
Q

THE TERROR

Maximilien Robespierre

A
  • Lawyer and Politician
    • Elected for the comittee for public safety in 1793
  • Initially supported the moderates but later joined the radicals
  • Eventually wanted too much control of french government
  • Created the cult of supreme being (posed almost like god)
  • Eventually he grew so mad, the public arrested him
  • Would later shoot himself in the jaw and then killed by the guillotine
    • Robespierre being killed by a guillotine is ironic because of how many people he killed by the guillotine
17
Q

THE TERROR

The Committee Of Public Safety

A
  • Its “purpose” was to protect the new republic against attack and rebellion
  • Group of 12 men
  • Was kind of like a government
    • Robespierre quickly became their leader
  • Arrested and guillotined any threats to the revolution
    • Decree Against Profiteers*
    • Law of Suspects*

*Both these laws will be in further depth on another card

18
Q

THE TERROR

Law Of Suspects

A
  • Law passed by the Committee of Public Safety
  • Established revolutionary courts to try anyone suspected of plotting against revolution
  • Deemed suspects:
    • Those who have made public displays of hatred
    • Unable to prove existence and perform civic duties
    • Certificates of patriotism has been refused
    • Public officials suspended and not reinstated
    • Anyone associated with people who didn’t like revolution
  • This basically established a means to kill a lot of people
18
Q

THE TERROR

Decree Against Profiteers

A
  • Law passed by the Committee of Public Safety
  • Accused profiteers in the countryside of of hoarding/monopolizing grain
  • Established that monopoly is a crime punishable by death
  • Punishments included:
    • Death
    • Confiscation of property
    • Selling of commodities and merchandise
19
Q

POST-TERROR

The Directory

A
  • New french gov run by a group of wealthy merchants
  • Put their business interest first + lost support
  • Relied heavily on the French military to stop opposition
  • General Napoleon Bonaparte removed the Directory from power (No violence)
    • He created a 3-member French Consulate with himself as first consul
    • (He had the most power)
20
Q

General Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon

Overview

A
  • Genius at mobilizing a countries resources for war
    • People at home
    • The economy
  • Self made individual who made achievements through merit
    • Earns power through deeds in the military
  • Corsican nobility
  • Basically a third estate member
  • His actions embodied revolutionary spirit
  • Maintained voting rights
  • Set up schools
  • Improved businesses
    • Made France less reliant on other countries
  • Pro-religious freedom
  • A very good general who helped france conquer lands
    • Didn’t like the way the directory ran things so he took over
    • Became first consul in the french consulate
21
Q

General Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon’s Downfall

A
  • Once he got wat he wanted, the fear of enemies drove him to paranoia
    • Paranoia corrupted him into being very emperor-like
  • Appointed himself consul for life
    • Ended up being like a tyrant eventually
    • people were in support of this at first
  • After brutal loss in Russia during the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon was banished to 2 islands and ends in his death
22
Q

General Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon’s Accomplishments

A
  • Conquered ¼ of the world
  • Biggest control over europe until WWII
    • Countries tried fighting off napoleon’s conquering but couldn’t avoid it
  • Established many schools (Only for boys)
  • Helped France’s economy become more independent
23
Q

General Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic Code

A
  • Reformed french legal system to reflect SOME of the ideas of the revolution and enlightenment
    • Freedom of religion
    • Maintains property rights
    • Equality before the law
  • BUT:
    • Press and political freedoms restricted and anti-women
  • ECONOMIC REFORMS:
    • Equal taxes
    • National bank
    • Business loans
      - Making it easy for french businesses to start, france becomes more self sufficient
    • Conquering lands helped french economy
  • GOVERNMENTAL REFORMS:
    • Merit system
      - If you do good, you get good
    • Public schools
      - Wanted good education for good workers
    • Strengthened military
      - Treated them well
  • RELIGIOUS REFORMS:
    • Religious tolerance
      - All religions were respected and accepted
    • Peace agreement with pope
    • The concordat of 1801
      - Reestablished trust between france and roman catholic church which had been lost after the national assembly outlawed religion.
24
Q

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

Slavery

A
  • Basically an island populated by slaves
    • Half a million slaves by 1789
  • The rate of death of slaves on plantations was higher than anywhere else in the western hemisphere
    • Cheaper to import new ones than working to increase survival
  • Before french revolution, in 1789, there were eight times as many slaves as there were white and mixed-race people combined
  • Slaves wanted their freedom and to be granted the same rights as French men
25
Q

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

Haitian Society

A
  • “3” Social classes
    • Grand Blancs
      - Rich white people who lived in France
      - Had most of the political power
      - Owned most of the land on the island
      • Petit Blancs
        - White people who lived on the island
        - Had local political power
        - Had control of the militia
      • Gens De Couleur
        - mixed race people who managed the investments of the Grand Blancs
        - Had considerable power
        - Faced racism and segregation
      • Slaves
        - Owned by Grand Blancs
        - Had no political power
        - Had no rights
        - Made up vast majority of the population
26
Q

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens

A
  • Passed by the National Assembly
  • Gave any male over 25 who paid taxes and owned land the right to vote
  • Created a conflict where white men were angry mixed men could vote
  • Through island into chaos and disaray
    • Distracted white people eough that slaves began to revolt
27
Q

Haitian Revolution

Toussiant L’Ouverture

A
  • Born into slavery, frred in his mid 20s (late 1700s)
  • Fiercely loyal to france
  • Gained and lost wealth while working various jobs on various plantations
  • 50 at start of revolution
  • He was the FIRST leader of the revolution
28
Q

Haitian Revolution

STAGE ONE:

Haitian Revolution PT 1

A
  • Slaves rebel
  • Britain and Spain also enter conflict, hoping to take french land
  • Grand blancs tried to make a deal with great britain to control haiti hoping to maintain slavery
    • Britain only saw as opportunity to take french land
  • Within a year of their revolt the slaves controlled ⅓ of the island
    • National assembly sent 6,000 soldiers
    • They also abolished slavery and grant civil + political rights to free men of color
      - This helps France regain control of the island
  • Freed slaves and people of color now fight for France against Britian and Spain
29
Q

Haitian Revolution

STAGE TWO

Haitian Revolution PT 2

A
  • Napoleon comes into power and sends an army intoHaiti
    • after weeks of fighting, surrender is negotiated
      - if Haitian army joins up with french army, slavery will remain abolished
  • L’ouverture was deceived and sent to france where he died
  • Napoleon then tried to reinstate slavery
  • Jean Jacques Dessalines then leads Haitian army with a new goal of independence
  • Britain and France go to war again, and the Haitains team up with Britain to defeat the French and gain their independence
30
Q

Haitian Revolution

Jean Jacques Dessalines

A
  • Becomes the revolution’s new leader after L’Ouverture dies
  • His forces beat the French
  • Later named Emperor of Haiti by generals of the Haitian army
    • Jacques I
    • Rules until his assasination only a few years later
  • During his rule he orders the massacre of any remaining Europeon population in Haiti
    • With the acception of the Poles and Germans
    • 3,000-5,000 killled (Including women and children)
31
Q
A
32
Q

Haitian Revolution

Results of the Revolution

A
  • New ruling class: NOIR
    • replaced the white ruling class with a black one
    • However, anyone (regardless of race) could be considered Noir if they met the qualifications
  • Two classes of common people
    • Soldiers
    • Laborors
    • Many people were sent back to work on plantations, but succeeded in rebuilding the country
  • Laborors resemled slaves but were not technically because they were paid for their work (VERY LITTLE)
  • France forced Haiti to pay 150 million Francs in reparations to it’s slaveholders
    • price was reduced but was still not paid off for over 100 years
33
Q

Haitian Revolution

Haiti TODAY

A
  • First independent nation in latin america
  • first post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world
  • Unpaid labor is still a practice
  • As many as 1/2 million children are unpaid servants called “Restavek”
    • 25% of haitian children 5-7 live away from their parents due to poverty
    • basically the parent’s are paid for their children’s labor
34
Q

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

In what ways can new ideas change the way people view their society and themselves?

A
  • Enlightenment thinkers and revolutionary thinking:
    • Natural Rights: John Locke
    • Social Contract: Locke
    • Direct Democracy: Jean Jacques Roussea
35
Q

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

To what extent do societal conditions lead people to question authority?

A
  • Discrimination against a majority group
    • 3rd Estate
    • Slaves
  • Poor living conditions/ High Taxes
    • Famine and food shortages (Inflated prices for bread)
    • High Taxes
  • Bad Leadership
    • King Louis XVI was bad
36
Q

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

Do all revolutions follow a familiar pattern?

A
  • French v Haitian Revolutions
    - Both started because the majority was being oppressed by the government
    - Government gets overthrown
    - New government starts off with good intentions, but becomes power hungry and violent
    - Different results because the french revolution, everything reverted back to a monarchy and stuff. However, Haitians gained their freedom and independence

Modern World History: HONORS (4 decks)

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