Unit One: QA Flashcards
Medical doctor who interprets Radiographs in order to diagnose.
Radiologist
Uses ionizing radiation to produce images.
Radiographer
A radiographer who understands the “why” not just the “how”
Radiologic Technologist
“Button Pusher” No degree.
X-ray Technician
An assistant that is supervised by a radiologist, and requires a higher level of education.
Registered Radiologist Assistant (RRA)
Physicians Assistant
PA
An imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation
Radiography (R)
Imaging of a pts organs after the introduction of radiopharmaceuticals
Nuclear Medicine (N)
Radiation therapists administer radiation treatments to patients
Radiation Therapy (T)
Most often used to diagnose osteoporosis
Bone Densitometry (BD)
Recording of predetermined plane in the body using x-ray beams that are measured, recorded, and then processed by a computer.
Computed Tomography (CT)
Main advantage of CT
High Resolution
Main disadvantage of CT
High dose and cost for pt
Visualization of structures by recording the reflections of high-frequency sound waves
Sonography (S)
What is sonography imaging used for?
To see soft tissue swelling, fluid levels, and masses in the body.
Uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves along w/ a computer to generate sectional images of pt anatomy, especially soft tissue.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What are MRI images used for?
Organ and tissue studies, brain, muscles, tendons, etc. Soft tissues.
Radiologic examinations of the breasts. Diagnoses breast cancer.
Mammography (M)
Radiologic examinations of the cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular Interventional Technology (CV)
Testing equipment to maintain the safety of pts. and productivity of equipment
Quality Management (QM)
Primary Pathways
Radiography (R)
Nuclear Medicine (N)
Radiation Therapy (T)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Sonography (S)
Post-Primary Pathways
Mammography (M)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Quality Management (QM)
Vascular Sonography (VS)
Breast Sonography (BS)
Bone Densitometry (BD)
Cardiovascular imaging (CV)
Cardiac Interventional (CI)
JCAHO
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
What type of accreditation is JCAHO?
Hospital Accreditation
JCERT
Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
What type of accreditation is JCERT?
Programmatic Accrediting Agency
ARRT
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
What does the ARRT do?
Promotes high standards of patient care by recognizing qualified individuals in medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy.
“The Big Test”
How many ARRT Code of Ethics are there?
11
Administered by the State of Florida once you have completed an accredited program and pass the ARRT exam.
State of Florida Licensure
ASRT
American Society of Registered Technologists
What is the ASRT?
Founded in 1920 as the most prominent national professional voice for radiologic technologists.
What type of organization is the ASRT?
Professional Organization
USNRC
United States Regulatory Commission
What type of agency is USNRC?
Regulatory agency
What does USNRC do?
The body that enforces the dose limits for both the general public and occupational workers
NCRP
National Council on radiation Protection and Measurements
What type of agency is NCRP?
Regulatory Agency
What does the NCRP do?
Charted by US congress in 1964, the NCRP makes the recommendations that the USNRC enforces through law
The _____ makes the laws for radiation dose, and the _____ enforces the laws.
The NCRP makes the laws for radiation dose, and the USNRC enforces the laws.
What type of agency is the FDA?
Regulatory Agency
What does the FDA Radiologic Health Program do?
Protects the public from hazardous or unnecessary radiation exposure from radiation-emitting electronic products.
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
What type of agency is EPA?
Regulatory Agency
What does EPA do?
Sets limits on environmental radiation from the use of radioactive elements
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What type of agency is OSHA?
Regulatory Agency
What does OSHA do?
Has precautions that requires practices to take regard to employee safety with regard to radiology.
“CEU’s”
Continuing education
What is required to maintain your state licensure and ARRT registration?
Continuing Education “CEU’s”
How many CEU’s are required per year to stay up to date?
12
Formats of CEU’s?
ASRT
Workplace Availability
Independent Vendors
CQR
Continuing Qualification Requirements
About CQR:
Applies to any credentials you’ve earned after January 1, 2011, or if you are an RRA.
Completed every 10 years for each eligible discipline. You have 3 years to complete the process
ARRT notifies you when your window opens
The Structured Self-Assessment (SSA) is not a test - can’t be failed.
Can use most CQR CE for your biennium CE
Employment Considerations:
Geographic Mobility
Skills needed everywhere
Travel opportunities
Employment considerations:
Workforce Needs
Stand out to be hired
School/Clinicals is a 2 year interview
Education advancement opportunities
Clinical Instructor
Clinical Adjunct
Assistant Professor (BA)
Administration advancement opportunities
Lead technologist
Department supervisor
Assistant Director (BA)
Director (Master’s)
CEO
Radiology Organization:
Professional Personnel
Admin/Managers
Radiologists
Radiologic Technologists
Radiologic Assistants
Radiology Nurses
Radiology Organization:
Support Personnel
Information Technology Staff
Clerical Staff
Patient Transporters
Hospital
Full range of services
Clinics
Limited range of services
Hospice
End of life/Palliative Care
Outpatient Care
Simple procedures
Telemedicine
21st century care
How many patient identifiers do you need?
2
Procedure Orders:
2 Patient ID
Check that the right procedure was ordered.
Get patient history.
Confirm/Change order w/ ordering physician.
Responsibilities of Radiographers
Performing exams: Presence of mind
Patient Care/Assessment: Patient Awareness
Radiation protection guidelines: ALARA
Following practice standards
Assisting Radiologists
Patient/Radiographer Interactions
Interview/questions: Pt history
Chart/Requisition: double check orders
Wrist band
Know institution protocols
Procedure questions and explanations:
Positioning: get it right
Length of procedure: better over than under
Immobilization devices: know boundaries
Machine movement: talk to pt
Pt’s family: include
WHO (World Health Organization) defined human health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
Health
Natural medicine that treats the whole health, not just physical.
Holistic medicine
A healthcare recipient who is ill or hospitalized
Patient
A recipient of healthcare regardless of their state of health.
“Customer or Consumers”
Client
Physical manifestations of symptoms that produce a condition
Physical health
Can be a significant part of a pt’s state of health
Spiritual health
Cognitive abilites
Intellectual health
Emotional health
Family, friends, connections
Ability to understand and share the feelings of another
Empathy
Feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else’s misfortune
Sympathy
Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern
Apathy
Freedom from external control or influence: independence.
Autonomy
Evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something (collecting pt history)
Assessment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
- Physiological Needs (Food, shelter, oxygen)
- Safety and security
- Need to be loved and give love
- Self-Esteem (accepted by others)
- Self-Actualization (creative, confident, successful)
Above all, do not harm.
Position for comfort and safety during exams.
Problem-Solving: Critical Thinking
Patient Safety
Physical Status
Emotional Status
Patient Comprehension
Cultural Diversity
Patient Assessment
Critical C’s (9)
Compassion
Caring
Communication
Competence
Confidentiality
Compliance
Confidence
Charting
Critical Thinking
Patient dignity
Patient respect
Patient autonomy
Empathy
Compassion/Caring
Obtain pt history
Positioning skills
Knowledge of procedures
Exposure/technique skills
Equipment use
Critical thinking/Problem solving
Competence
Follow policy and procedure of the department and hospital
Work w/in scope of practice
Standard of care
Compliance
Patient interview/History
Obtain an accurate history for each exam
Radiologists need this info to help interpret images
Save time by taking history while prepping for exam
Chief complaint: primary medical problem determined by pt
Open-ended Q’s: Let pt tell story
Facilitation (nod, “ok”): encourages elaboration
Silence: gives time for pt to remember
Probing Q’s: Provides more detail
Repetition: clarifies info
Summarization: Verifies accuracy
Questioning skills
Localization
Chronology
Quality
Severity
Onset
Aggravating or Alleviating Factors
Associated Manifestations
Elements of Clinical History
Precise area of pt’s complaint
Localization
Duration since onset, frequency, and course of symptoms
Chronology
Character of symptoms
Quality
Intensity, quantity, or extensiveness of the problem
Severity
What the pt was doing upon onset of symptoms
Onset
What makes it worse or better?
Aggravating/Alleviating Factors
Are other symptoms related to chief complaint?
Associated Manifestations
Become unconsciously competent to become confident
Confidence instills pt trust
Confidence
Privacy
HIPAA
Confidentiality
HIPAA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HIPPA Violations can lead to?
Terminations, disciplinary procedures, or jail.
Pt’s chart is a legal document
Use blue/black ink
Initial entries
don’t use whiteout - cross mistake w/ one line and initial
maintain confidentiality
Charting
Verbal: Clarity, tone of voice, avoid med. terms, pt fears
Non-verbal: body language, touch, listening
Flexibility/Adaptability
Communication
Most often considered therapeutic
Indicated for palpation of positioning, emotional support, emphasis of communication
*Beware of cultural differences
Touch
Show respect
Treat Equally
Be aware of verbal and non-verbal cues
Ask for clarification
Pantomime
Interpreter
Be assertive
Communicating with culturally diverse patients
Don’t speak loud
Flashcards
Yes/No questions
Be patient
Use pad and pencil
Aphasic Patients
Be patient
Prepare for combative, disoriented, and agitated behavior.
Varies w/ drug
Chemically dependent patients
Address by name (no pet names)
Don’t assume they can’t hear
Takes more time for exam
Ask for clarification of instructions
Be aware of decubitus ulcers (bed sore)
Atrophy
Comfort and Safety
Fear of falling
Geriatric Patients
Modesty
Privacy
Parental involvement for consent
Young Adults/Teens
Get on eye level
Simplify language
Give toy
Parents can hold
Never say hurt
Pediatric Patients
Monitor, assess, evaluate
Never leave unattended
Avoid aspiration
Be aware of spinal injury
STAT (w/in 30 min)
Trauma Patients
Things to look for with trauma patients
Head injury
MVA
GSW
MI
CVA
AMA
Sort patients by injury and need of medical attention
Triage
MVA
Motor Vehicle Accident
GSW
Gunshot Wound
MI
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
AMA
Against Medical Advice (discharge early)
Hospice Care
Palliative Care
Loss of Autonomy
Terminally and Chronically Ill Patients
Illness is Punishment
Burden to Family
Less Valuable Person
Isolation
Common fears of terminally and chronically ill patients
Kubler-Ross Grieving Process
Denial: Acting as if nothing is wrong/cannot deal with treatment decisions
Anger: pts and family will act out in anger towards others
Bargaining: pts and family accept reality and become open to suggestions for medical treatments
Depression: finally realizing impending loss
Acceptance: final stage (aware of mortality)
