Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
a
before
AED
automated external defibrillator
a.c.
before meals
ASA
aspirin
AMA
against medical advice
AMS
altered mental status
AMI
acute myocardia infarction
bid
twice a day
bp
blood pressure
c/o
complaints of
Ca
cancer
cc
chief complaint
chf
congestive heart failure
co
carbon monoxide
copd
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cpr
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
csf
cerebrospinal fluid
cva
cerebrovascular accident
cxr
chest x-ray
d/c
discontinue
DOA
dead on arrival
dob
date of birth
Dx
diagnosis
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
eta
estimated time of arrival
etoh
alcohol (ethanol)
fx
fracture
GI
gastrointestinal
gsw
gun shot wound
h / hr
hour
h/a
headache
h/o
history of
htn
hypertension
hx
history
icu
intensive care unit
im
intramuscular
L
left
lac
laceration
loc
level of consciousness
nka
no known allergies
npo
nothing by mouth
n/v
nausea/vomiting
O2
oxygen
od
overdose
or
operating room
pcn
penicillin
po
by mouth
prn
as needed
pt
patient
pta
prior to arrival
qh
every hour
qid
four times a day
R
right
r/o
rule out
rx
treatment
SOB/SHOB
shortness of breath
STAT
immediately
t.i.d.
three times a day
TIA
transient ischemic attack
w/o
without
-
negative
+
positive
ampule
small sealed glass container that holds a single dose of parenteral solution in a sterile condition
analgesic
drug that relieves pain without causing a loss of consciousness
anesthetic
drug that produces a loss of feeling or sensation
angina pectoris
severe constricting pain in the chest caused by the loss of blood flow to the heart muscle
arrhythmia
any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
atherosclerosis
condition in which thickening of the wall of a blood vessel occurs caused by the deposit of plaque
bolus
concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation
bronchodilator
drug that causes expansion of the lumina of the air passages of the lungs
coagulation
process of clot formation
contraindication
any condition that renders the administration of some drug or some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable
diabetes mellitus
primarily a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism secondary to insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance
diuretic
drug that promotes the excretion of urine
drug
any substance that, when taken into a living organism, may modify one or more of its functions
edema
presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues of the body
extravasation
discharge or escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue that can cause localized vasoconstriction, resulting in sloughing of tissue and tissue necrosis if not reversed with antidote
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
inflammation of the lower esophagus from the regurgitation of acid gastric contents
generic name
drug name that is usually descriptive of its chemical structure but is not protected as is a trademark
hematoma
localized collection of blood in the tissue resulting from a break in the wall of the blood vessel
hyperlipidemia
elevations in plasma lipid concentration
hypertension
persistently high arterial blood pressure, usually exceeding 140 systolic and 90 diastolic
idiosyncratic reaction
unusual response to a drug that is peculiar to the individual
infiltration
diffusion of fluid into a tissue; often used interchangeably with extravasation
intramuscular
within the muscle tissue
intravenous
within a vein
laxative
agent that promotes the evacuation of the bowel
metabolic acidosis
condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline reserves in the blood
microorganism
microscopic organism such as a bacterium or a virus that is too small to be seen without a microscope
opioid
any drug, natural or synthetic, that has activity similar to those of morphine
parenteral
not through the gastrointestinal tract but by injection through some other route
peristalsis
waves of contraction that propel contents through the gastrointestinal tract
pharmacist
person who is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
pharmacology
study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms
physical dependence
state of adaption or exhibited by a withdrawal syndrome specific to a class of drugs that may be produced by abrupt cessation or reduction in dose
schizophrenia
chronic mental disorder characterized by periods of withdrawn or bizarre behavior
shock
condition characterized by profound hypotension and reduced tissue perfusion
side effect
consequence other than the one for which a drug is used
subcutaneous
beneath the skin
sublingual
beneath the tongue
therapeutic
pertaining to the art of healing
thromboembolic disorders
conditions involving the partial or complete obstruction of a blood vessel
tolerance
state of adaptation in the response to drug exposure that results in a decrease of one or more of the drug’s effects over time
topical
applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied
transdermal
entering through the skin
vasoconstrictor
drug that causes constriction of the blood vessels
vasodilator
drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels
venipuncture
puncture of a vein
vile
small glass bottle containing multiple doses of a drug
tablet
granulated drug that has been compressed into a solid hard disc
capsule
dose form where a powdered or liquid drug us contained in a gelatin shell
inhalant
the inhalation route of administration may be used for either local or systemic effects (general anesthetics). Common for treating asthma or COPD
suppository
dose form shaped for insertion into a body orifice such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra.
solution
dose form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier
suspension
dose form in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier
transdermal patch
dose form that permits a drug to be applied on the skin surface where it is absorbed
analgesics
drugs that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness
anesthetics
agents that act on the central nervous system (CNS) to produce a loss of sensation.
general anesthetics
act on the CNS to produce muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness.
local anesthetics
block nerve conduction from an area of the body to the CNS
antianxiety agents
act on the CNS to calm or relax the anxious patient
antiarrhythmic
drug used to treat arrhythmias, which are any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
antibiotics
drugs used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
anticoagulants
drugs that inhibit clotting of the blood or increase the coagulation time
anticonvulsants
drugs used to prevent or control the occurrence of seizures
antidepressants
drugs use din the treatment of depression
antidiabetic agents
drugs used to treat Type 1 (no insulin produced) and Type 2 (insulin resistance) diabetes
anti-emetics
drugs used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting
antifungal agents
substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of fungi
antihistamines
drugs used primarily to treat allergic disorders
anti-hypertensives
drugs used t treat hypertension (high BP)
anti-ulcer agents
agents used to treat peptic ulcers, both gastric and duodenal, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
antiviral agents
substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of viruses
bronchodilators
drugs used in the treatment of asthma and COPD
coagulants
drugs used to control hemorrhage or to speed up coagulation
corticosteroids
drugs used to reduce the symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory disorders or for short-term treatment of acute inflammatory conditions
diuretics
drugs that increase the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys, thus removing sodium and water from the body.
hormones
drugs that affect the endocrine system
laxatives
drugs that act to promote the passage and elimination of feces from the large intestine
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
drugs commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions, and mild to moderate pain
sedatives
drugs used to produce varying degrees of CNS depression
stimulants
drugs that increase activity of the CNS
thrombolytics
drugs that dissolve thrombi (clots) that have already formed
vasoconstrictors
drugs that cause blood vessels to constrict, thus increasing heart action and raising blood pressure
vasodilators
drugs that cause blood vessels to dilate. commonly used to treat angina
parental
administered by injection or by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract (subcutaneous, IM, IV, drip infusion)
topical
the application of a drug directly onto the skin
sublingual
drug is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve
oral
drug is taken by mouth and swallowed
Six rights of drug administration
Drug
Dose
Pt
Route
Time
Documentation
Radiopaque Contrast
Positive. X-ray photons are absorbed by radiopaque contrast media because these media are opaque to x-rays. Appear white on radiographs, and black on fluoroscopy.
Adverse reactions to negative contrast media
minimal
adverse reactions to positive contrast
constipation - barium absorbs water in the colon (drink plenty of water)
Extravasion (never after abdominal sx)
pt. prep for a UGI
npo after midnight the day before the study
pt. prep for barium enema
2 days before, drink only clear liquids after noon. 1 day before, clear liquids only. Bowel prep will be done 1 day before. Day of, clear liquids for breakfast, and enema in morning.
Order contrast studies should be performed in
Non-contrast
Lower GI
Upper GI
Because of pt. conditions, medications, diabetes
2 types of water-soluble iodinated contrast media
Ionic
Nonionic
Physical properties of ionic iodine contrast
-Atomic # 53 (radiopaque)
-Dissociate into 2 molecular particles in water or blood plasma
-One particle has neg charge. On particle has pos. charge
-Higher osmolality
Contraindications of ionic iodine contrast media
Renal disease
Diabetes
Older
Atomic Number
number of protons in the nuclei of different elements
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
blood test to determine levels of urea in the body. High levels indicate compromised kidney function.
Bronchospasm
involuntary constriction of the bronchial tubes usually resulting from an immune system reaction to a foreign particle or molecule.
Contraindications
factors of a pt. history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure or medication should not be done.
Creatinine
nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism excreted by the kidney’s filtration system. High levels indicate poor filtration
Extravasion
leakage from a vessel into the tissue
Histamine
molecular substance containing an amine group, causes bronchial constriction and a decrease in BP
Ion
atom or molecule having negative charge
Osmolality
measurement of the number of particles that can crowd out water molecules in a measured mass of water
Osmosis
movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
pH
relative acidity or basicity of a solution.
below 7 = acidic. Above 7 = Alkaline
Radiopharmeceutical
pharmaceutical compound that is attached to a radioisotope
shock
inadequate blood flow w/in the body with resulting loss of oxygen and therefore energy
solution
uniform mixture of two or more substances composed of molecule-sized particles that do not react together chemically.
Suspension
non-uniform mixture of two or more substances. One of which is composed of larger-than-molecule-size particles that have a tendency to cluster together.
Radiolucent Contrast (negative)
x-ray photons are easily transmitted through radiolucent contrast media. Will show up black on radiograph and white during fluoro
Negative Contrast Media: Physical properties
composed of low-atomic number elements.
administered as gas (air) or gas producing tablets, crystals (fizzies), or soda water.
When is negative contrast media used?
During double contrast studies
UGI
Barium enema with air
Adverse reactions to negative contrast media
Minimal
Positive Contrast Media: Physical Properties
Barium has an atomic number of 56 (radiopaque).
Not soluble (shake it)
When is positive contrast media used?
Esophagram
UGI
Small bowel follow through (SBFT)
Barium enema w/ or w/out air
Ionic Iodine Contrast: Osmotic Effects
Inject contrast, water from cells move in vascular system. Results in hypovolemia and blood vessel dilation.
Ionic Iodine Contrast: Renal Effects
Hish osmolality causes arteries of kidneys to expand = vasoconstrictors constrict renal arteries
Non-Ionic Iodine Contrast
Safer
Does not cross blood brain barrier
3x more cost
Non-Ionice Iodine contraindications
Pt. history of reaction
Asthma or allergies
Cardiac issues
Renal disease
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Allergic Effects
Similar to FB (pollen)
Minor (hives)
Wheezing or Edema in throat and lungs
N/V
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Contrast media reaction
70% occur within 5 mins of injection
Mild
Mod
Severe
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Mild reaction
n/v
flushed
headache
dizzy
anxety
metallic taste
itchy
pallor
diaphoresis
(Treat: Observe and Assurance)
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Moderate reaction
similar to mild but more severe
(tx: some form of rapidly effective therapy)
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Severe
life threatening
death rate is less than 0.01%
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Treatment
Assurance
Epinephrine
Benadryl
Force Fluids
Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast: Contraindications
Glucophage therapy
Renal failure
age
allergies
asthma
copd
