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ap psych > unit one - psychology's history and approaches > Flashcards

unit one - psychology's history and approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

A

critical thinking

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2
Q

the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

A

empiricism

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3
Q

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

A

structuralism

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4
Q

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes.

A

introspection

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5
Q

an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

A

functionalism

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6
Q

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

A

behaviorism

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7
Q

a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

A

humanistic psychology

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8
Q

the study of mental processes, such as when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.

A

cognitive psychology

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9
Q

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

A

cognitive neuroscience

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10
Q

the science of behavior and mental processes.

A

psychology

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11
Q

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

A

nature-nurture issue

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12
Q

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

A

natural selection

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13
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

A

evolutionary psychology

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14
Q

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

A

behavior psychology

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15
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

A

culture

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16
Q

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

A

positive psychology

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17
Q

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

A

biopsychosocial psychology

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18
Q

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

A

behavioral psychology

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19
Q

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

A

biological psychology

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20
Q

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

A

socio-cultural psychology

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21
Q

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

A

psychodynamic psychology

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22
Q

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

A

testing effect

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23
Q

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

A

SQ3R

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24
Q

the scientific study focusing on the techniques of measurement concerning human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

A

psychometrics

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25
Q

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

A

basic research

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26
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.

A

developmental psychology

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27
Q

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

A

educational psychology

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28
Q

the study of individuals’ patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.

A

personality psychology

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29
Q

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

A

social psychology

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30
Q

a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

A

applied research

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31
Q

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

A

industrial-organizational psychology

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32
Q

a field of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

A

human factors psychology

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33
Q

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

A

counseling psychology

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34
Q

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

A

clinical psychology

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35
Q

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

A

psychiatry

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36
Q

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

A

community psychology

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37
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe the characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

A

descriptive statistics

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38
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.

A

histogram

39
Q

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

A

mode

40
Q

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

A

mean

41
Q

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

A

median

42
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

A

skewed distribution

43
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

A

range

44
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

A

standard deviation

45
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

A

normal curve

46
Q

numerical data that allow one to generalize—to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.

A

inferential studies

47
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

A

statistical significance

48
Q

first female president of the APA; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

49
Q

the grandfather of evolutionary psychology, discovered natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

50
Q

advocate for the mentally ill who revolutionarily reformed the way mentally ill patients are treated

A

Dorothea Dix

51
Q

austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.

A

Sigmund Freud

52
Q

launched the American Journal of Psychology, and served as the American Psychological Association’s first president (1892)

A

G. Stanley Hall

53
Q

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; third president of APA

A

William James

54
Q

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

A

Ivan Pavlov

55
Q

Known for his theory on the 4 stages of cognitive development in children

A

Jean Piaget

56
Q

a humanist, he emphasized the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth; founded person-centered therapy

A

Carl Rogers

57
Q

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

A

B.F. Skinner

58
Q

first woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 13th president of the APA (1921)

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

59
Q

founder of behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study

A

John B. Watson

60
Q

german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

A

Wilhelm Wundt

61
Q

an organized whole. emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

A

gestalt psychology

62
Q

perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware

A

psychoanalytic perspective

63
Q

psychological perspective that analyzes how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

A

psychodynamic perspective

64
Q

study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life

A

sociocultural psychology

65
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

A

hindsight bias

66
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

A

theory

67
Q

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

A

hypothesis

68
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

A

operational definition

69
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

A

replication

70
Q

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

A

case study

71
Q

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.

A

naturalistic observation

72
Q

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

A

survey

73
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

A

sampling bias

74
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

A

population

75
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

A

random sample

76
Q

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

A

dependent variable

77
Q

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

A

independent variable

78
Q

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

A

informed consent

79
Q

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

A

debriefing

80
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

A

experiment

81
Q

a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

A

correlational study

82
Q

the most popular technique for gathering primary data, in which a researcher interacts with people to obtain facts, opinions, and attitudes

A

survey research

83
Q

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

naturalistic observations

84
Q

a research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations

A

case study

85
Q

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

longitudinal study

86
Q

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

cross-sectional study

87
Q

an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment

A

double-blind experiment

88
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sampling

89
Q

a descriptive statistic that indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables

A

correlational coefficient

90
Q

organization that reviews research in advance to ensure ethical considerations are met

A

IRB

91
Q

charged with reviewing animal research procedures and ensuring that all regulations are adhered to

A

IACUC

92
Q

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

A

overconfidence

93
Q

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

A

confounding variable

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