developmental psychology stages

Question 1

piaget - (0-2) infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities; no object permanence

Answer 1

sensorimotor

Question 2

piaget - (2-7) a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 2

preoperational

Question 3

piaget - (7-11) children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 3

concrete operational

Question 4

piaget - (11+) children begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 4

formal operational

Question 5

kohlberg - (preconventional) rules are fixed and absolute, avoiding punishment is the most important motivator

Answer 5

obedience and punishment

Question 6

kohlberg - (preconventional) judging actions based on what’s best for their individual needs, “what’s in it for me?”

Answer 6

self-interest and exchange

Question 7

kohlberg - (conventional) living by social expectations and roles, emphasis on conformity, being nice, and considering how our decisions affect our relationships “what do others think of me?”

Answer 7

interpersonal accord and conformity

Question 8

kohlberg - (conventional) considers people as a whole when making judgments, maintaining law and order by following rules, doing one’s duty, respecting authority

Answer 8

authority and maintaining social order

Question 9

kohlberg - (postconventional) accounts for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but do they apply equally to all members?

Answer 9

social contract and individual rights

Question 10

kohlberg - (postconventional) based on abstract reasoning, people follow internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules

Answer 10

universal ethical principles

Question 11

erikson - the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. if provided, the child learns to trust the world rather than developing anxiety about it

Answer 11

trust vs mistrust

Question 12

erikson - children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. if child is supported in their interests they develop confidence, if overly controlled they will lack self-esteem

Answer 12

autonomy vs shame

Question 13

erikson - children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction. if child interacts with other children they develop decision-making skills, if not they might feel like a nuisance and withdraw from others

Answer 13

initiative vs shame

Question 14

erikson - If children are encouraged and reinforced in their school abilities, they begin to feel competent and confident in their ability to achieve goals. if not, the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities, and therefore may not reach his or her potential

Answer 14

industry vs inferiority

Question 15

erikson - adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. failure to establish a sense of identity within society can lead to role confusion. success leads to happiness and a sense of belonging in society

Answer 15

identity vs role confusion

Question 16

erikson - the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with others. succeeding results in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. failure leads to avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment, isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression

Answer 16

intimacy vs isolation

Question 17

erikson - individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world and feeling disconnected from society as a whole

Answer 17

generativity vs stagnation

Question 18

erikson - individuals in this stage contemplate accomplishments and can develop integrity if they see themselves as leading a successful life, this lets them accept death without fear. failure leads to unproductivity, guilt about our past, and despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.

Answer 18

ego integrity vs despair

Question 19

developed social learning theory (social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others) and the concept of self-efficacy (an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment)

Answer 19

Albert Bandura

Question 20

developed theory that personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crises that occurred in stages throughout life

Answer 20

Erick Erikson

Question 21

identified the four different types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, negligent, and authoritative

Answer 21

Diana Baumrind

Question 22

developed the theory of imprinting (a primary stage of emotional and neurobehavioural development in which the infant recognizes its mother through oral tactile memory for continuing evolutionary survival)

Answer 22

Konrad Lorenz

Question 23

demonstrated the devastating effects of deprivation on monkeys and the importance of a caregiver’s love for healthy childhood development.

Answer 23

Harry Harlow

Question 24

developed attachment theory (young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development.)

Answer 24

Mary Ainsworth

Question 25

created a psychoanalytic theory of personality that suggests human behavior is the outcome of interactions and conflicts between three hypothetical component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego

Answer 25

Sigmund Freud

Question 26

developed a stage theory of child cognitive development (4 stages), detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities

Answer 26

Jean Piaget

Question 27

developed a theory of moral development (6 stages)

Answer 27

Lawerence Kohlberg