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Biology - Unit One > Unit one - Gene expression > Flashcards

Unit one - Gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

what does gene expression involve?

A

involves the transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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2
Q

what do transcription and translation involve?

A

three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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3
Q

what is RNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded and composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar, base and phosphate

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4
Q

what are the base pairings in an RNA molecule?

A

Adenine and uracil, Guanine and cytosine

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5
Q

what is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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6
Q

how is this mRNA transcribed?

A

it is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by the ribosome in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

whats is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA folds due to complementary base pairing, each tRNA molecule carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome

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8
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

an exposed triplet of bases

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9
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins form the ribosome

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10
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription into primary mRNA transcripts?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

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11
Q

what does RNA polymerase synthesise?

A

it synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA and RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

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12
Q

what does RNA splicing form?

A

forms a mature mRNA transcript

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13
Q

what are introns?

A

non-coding regions which are removed

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14
Q

what are exons?

A

coding regions which are joined together to form the mature transcript, order of these exons are unchanged

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15
Q

what is tRNA?

A

involved in the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide at a ribosome

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16
Q

what is translation?

A

it begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon

17
Q

what do anticodons do?

A

they bond to the codons by complementary base pairing, translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.

18
Q

what joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds to form polypeptides

19
Q

what is the result of alternative RNA splicing?

A

different proteins can be expressed from one gene, different mature mRNA transcripts are produced at the same primary transcript depending on which exons are removed.

20
Q

what do polypeptide chains do?

A

they fold to form the three-dimensional shape of a protein

21
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

it is determined by the proteins produced as a result of gene expression, environmental factors affect this.

Biology - Unit One (8 decks)

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