Unit One Exam - Prokaryotes / Eukatyotes Flashcards
Two domains that prokaryotes are divided into?
Bacteria and Archaea
What prokaryotes are extremophiles?
Archaea
3 characteristic shapes of bacteria?
Bacillus - rod shaped
Coccus - spherical
Spirillum - cork screw
What are Bacteria cell walls made of?
Peptidoglycan
What does gram positive mean?
Represents a bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan wall, stains purple
What is gram negative?
Stains red, represents bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan wall
Agar?
A semi-solid nutrient dense substance used for culturing bacteria
What is a colony?
A group of bacteria descending from a single cell
How do you generate colonies on a plate of agar?
Use an isolation streak
What are Cyanobacteria?
Photosynthetic phylum of bacteria
What do these have in common?
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
They are eukaryotes in domain eukarya
What is different about protist?
A throw away category, has a eukaryotic cell structure but do not fit for the other 3
What are photosynthetic protist?
Algae
What are protozoans?
Heterotrophic protist
What is multicellular algae?
Seaweed
What is unicellular algae?
Phytoplankton
What is a slime mold?
Protozoan
How do slime molds differ from fungi?
Slime molds posses flagellated cells at one point in life cycle
They phagocytize, (engulf whole cells / macromolecules)
Two types of slime mold exist?
Cellular slime mold which is single cell
Plasmodia slime mold which exist as a fan shaped mass of multi nucleated cytoplasm
What are fungi described as?
Saprotroph
What are saprotroph?
Organism (fungi) that lives off dead or decaying organic material by secreting digestive enzymes into its environment to breakdown its desired nutrition and then absorb it via pinocytosis
What do the cell walls of fungi consist of?
Chitin, a sugary molecule also found in exoskeletons of arthropods
Are fungi heterotrophic?
Yes there are no photosynthetic fungi
Two reasons fungi are closely related to animals?
Chitin in cell walls and heterotrophic
What are the 5 phyla of fungi?
Chytrids (ancient aquatic fungi)
Glomeromycota (AM fungi, 200 species)
Zygomycota (bread molds)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
What do fungi spores germinate into?
Structure name
Hyphae
What is a mass of hyphae called?
Mycelium
How do fungi fertilize?
Individual mycelium from two different strains of the same fungi meet and fuse
What is produced from fungi fertilization?
A fruiting body
What happens in the fruiting body?
Meiosis occurs in order to produce its fungul spores
What is the sac called on ascomycota fungi?
Ascus
Where are the spores produced on ascomycota fungi?
In the fruiting body that is sac shaped called a ascus
When is the ascus produced?
During sexual reproduction of both yeast and cup fungi of the ascomycota fungi
What are the two types of ascomycota fungi?
Multicellular, which is referred to as cup fungi ( fruit body resembles a cup)
Unicellular, referred to as yeast
What happens to yeast when producing asexually?
Process called budding happens where asymmetrical distribution of the cells cytoplasm occurs
What happens to cup fungi when producing asexually?
A structure called a conidiophore is produced that utilizes mitosis to produce spores called conidiospores
What two fungi exist as symbionts?
Lichen and mycorrhizae
What does lichen have a symbiotic relationship with?
Cyanobacteria or algae
What symbiotic relationship does lichen have?
The lichen serves as a perfect or to the photosynthetic partner in favor of food (sugar) from photosynthesis
What is root fungus?
Mycorrhizae
What is mycorrhizae have a relationship with?
Root bearing plants, more importantly the roots
What are the two types of root fungus?
Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae
What is ectomycorrhizae?
Root fungus that does not penetrate the cells of the root
What is endomycorrhizae?
Root fungus that penetrates the cells of the roots
What symbiotic relationship does mycorrhizae have with roots?
Root fungus helps plants absorb salts and minerals from the ground that normally would be extremely hard for the plant to absorb.
The fungus is able to siphons sugars from the plant that is created via photosynthesis
Percent of plants that live in association to root fungus?
90%
Identify the fruiting body of the basidiomycota.
Ground -> up
Stalk, annulus (section between stalk and cap), cap, gills (underside of cap), basidia stands on the gills that hang), basidia spores attached to the basidia.
