unit one Flashcards
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
when molecules of a substance are arranged in an orderly pattern (ex: table salt and snowflakes)
crystalline solid
no long range consistency in structure, lack of pattern in particle arrangement
amorphous solid
what are the four universal laws
conservation of matter, conservation of energy, law of constant/definite composition, law of multiple proportions
what is the law of conservation of mass
mass can’t be created or destroyed
what is the law of conservation of energy
energy can’t be created or destroyed
what is the law of constant/definite composition
in any particular chemical compound, all samples of that compound will be made up of the same elements in the same proportion or ratio
what is the law of multiple proportions
when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a simple ratio of whole numbers (usually small)
what makes a mixture homogeneous
the mixture is fully mixed in, uniform in distribution throughout
what makes a mixture hetereogeneous
a mixture that is not uniform in composition
how to separate heterogeneous mixtures
filtration
what is a compound
two or more elements combined
how to separate homogeneous mixtures
distillation
what is a pure substance that CANNOT be broken down chemically
element
what is a pure substance
single chemical, one kind of matter
what is a mixture
something that consists of two or more substances mixed together
what is dalton’s atomic theory
all matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms of the same element are similar in shape and mass, but differ from the atoms of other elements.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple, whole number ratios to form compound atoms
what was rutherford’s experiment significance
discovered the nucleus
what was the plum pudding model of the atom
made by j.j thompson who discovered the electron
what did mendeelev do for chemistry
founder of the periodic table
what was bohr’s model of the atom
Number of protons defines elements
Element will always have the same number of protons
Electrons must equal number of protons → electrically neutral
Electrically neutral: no charge
what is the mass and location of an electron
1/1837th of a hydrogen atom, outside nucleus
what is the mass/location of a proton and neutron
same as hydrogen atom, inside nucleus
a chemical change that takes energy in (absorbs) from the surroundings
endothermic reaction
a chemical change that takes energy from (exits) the surroundings
exothermic reaction
how to find the atomic number on PTand without
number above the element symbol, protons and electrons
Atomic number equals
the amount of protons and electrons (if not an isotope) in the element
how to find amount of neutrons
mass number - atomic number
how to find amount of protons
atomic number
how to find amount of electrons
atomic number
how to write the nuclear symbol of an isotope
mass number over atomic number
what are the four 3d models
simple perspective drawing, ball and stick model, space filling model, and symbolic model
how to write nuclear/atomic symbol
fraction of atomic mass/atomic number to the left of the elemental symbol
what are the 7 diatomic elements
iodine, hydrogen, nitrogen, bromine, oxygen, chlorine, fluorine
what makes up a molecular compound
both nonmetals or one metalloid and the other nonmetal
what makes up a covalent compound
two nonmetals
how to write a binary compound
prefix for base, -ide for second element
how to write a covalent compound
prefix for both elements, -ide for second element
list the prefixes
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexta, hepta, octa, nona, deca
how to write an ionic compound
name of cation + base name of anion w “-ide”
how to write transition metals
Name of cation (metal) + (charge of metal **roman numerals) + base name of anion + “ide”
what are the polyatomic ions i must know smh
nh4+, oh-, ch3coo-
ammonium, hydroxide, and acetate
how to write the chemical formula an ionic compound
Write symbols and charges based on periodic table
Switch number charges (crossover method)
NEVER ADD PREFIXES
what are the four reactions
single replacement reaction, double replacement reaction, combination reaction, and decomposition reaction
how to write a single replacement reaction
A + BC → AC + B
how to write a double replacement reaction
AB + CD → AD + CB
how to write a combination reaction
A + B → AB
how to write a decomposition reaction
AB → A + B
how to find atomic mass
protons + neutrons
how to determine number of protons
number of electrons
