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chem 100 final > unit one > Flashcards

unit one Flashcards

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1
Q

states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

when molecules of a substance are arranged in an orderly pattern (ex: table salt and snowflakes)

A

crystalline solid

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3
Q

no long range consistency in structure, lack of pattern in particle arrangement

A

amorphous solid

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4
Q

what are the four universal laws

A

conservation of matter, conservation of energy, law of constant/definite composition, law of multiple proportions

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5
Q

what is the law of conservation of mass

A

mass can’t be created or destroyed

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6
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed

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7
Q

what is the law of constant/definite composition

A

in any particular chemical compound, all samples of that compound will be made up of the same elements in the same proportion or ratio

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8
Q

what is the law of multiple proportions

A

when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a simple ratio of whole numbers (usually small)

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9
Q

what makes a mixture homogeneous

A

the mixture is fully mixed in, uniform in distribution throughout

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10
Q

what makes a mixture hetereogeneous

A

a mixture that is not uniform in composition

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11
Q

how to separate heterogeneous mixtures

A

filtration

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12
Q

what is a compound

A

two or more elements combined

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13
Q

how to separate homogeneous mixtures

A

distillation

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14
Q

what is a pure substance that CANNOT be broken down chemically

A

element

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15
Q

what is a pure substance

A

single chemical, one kind of matter

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16
Q

what is a mixture

A

something that consists of two or more substances mixed together

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17
Q

what is dalton’s atomic theory

A

all matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms of the same element are similar in shape and mass, but differ from the atoms of other elements.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple, whole number ratios to form compound atoms

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18
Q

what was rutherford’s experiment significance

A

discovered the nucleus

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19
Q

what was the plum pudding model of the atom

A

made by j.j thompson who discovered the electron

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19
Q

what did mendeelev do for chemistry

A

founder of the periodic table

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20
Q

what was bohr’s model of the atom

A

Number of protons defines elements
Element will always have the same number of protons
Electrons must equal number of protons → electrically neutral
Electrically neutral: no charge

21
Q

what is the mass and location of an electron

A

1/1837th of a hydrogen atom, outside nucleus

22
Q

what is the mass/location of a proton and neutron

A

same as hydrogen atom, inside nucleus

23
Q

a chemical change that takes energy in (absorbs) from the surroundings

A

endothermic reaction

24
Q

a chemical change that takes energy from (exits) the surroundings

A

exothermic reaction

25
Q

how to find the atomic number on PTand without

A

number above the element symbol, protons and electrons

26
Q

Atomic number equals

A

the amount of protons and electrons (if not an isotope) in the element

27
Q

how to find amount of neutrons

A

mass number - atomic number

28
Q

how to find amount of protons

A

atomic number

29
Q

how to find amount of electrons

A

atomic number

30
Q

how to write the nuclear symbol of an isotope

A

mass number over atomic number

31
Q

what are the four 3d models

A

simple perspective drawing, ball and stick model, space filling model, and symbolic model

32
Q

how to write nuclear/atomic symbol

A

fraction of atomic mass/atomic number to the left of the elemental symbol

33
Q

what are the 7 diatomic elements

A

iodine, hydrogen, nitrogen, bromine, oxygen, chlorine, fluorine

34
Q

what makes up a molecular compound

A

both nonmetals or one metalloid and the other nonmetal

35
Q

what makes up a covalent compound

A

two nonmetals

36
Q

how to write a binary compound

A

prefix for base, -ide for second element

37
Q

how to write a covalent compound

A

prefix for both elements, -ide for second element

38
Q

list the prefixes

A

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexta, hepta, octa, nona, deca

39
Q

how to write an ionic compound

A

name of cation + base name of anion w “-ide”

40
Q

how to write transition metals

A

Name of cation (metal) + (charge of metal **roman numerals) + base name of anion + “ide”

41
Q

what are the polyatomic ions i must know smh

A

nh4+, oh-, ch3coo-
ammonium, hydroxide, and acetate

42
Q

how to write the chemical formula an ionic compound

A

Write symbols and charges based on periodic table
Switch number charges (crossover method)
NEVER ADD PREFIXES

43
Q

what are the four reactions

A

single replacement reaction, double replacement reaction, combination reaction, and decomposition reaction

44
Q

how to write a single replacement reaction

A

A + BC → AC + B

45
Q

how to write a double replacement reaction

A

AB + CD → AD + CB

46
Q

how to write a combination reaction

A

A + B → AB

47
Q

how to write a decomposition reaction

A

AB → A + B

48
Q

how to find atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

49
Q

how to determine number of protons

A

number of electrons

chem 100 final (4 decks)

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