unit one Flashcards
(53 cards)
what are hereditary factors?
characteristics passed through genes such as eye colour, blood type,
what are environmental factors?
external and social factors that effect the development of our physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics such as SES, siblings
what is the nature vs nurture debate?
do genetics or environment have a greater role in development
in-vitro vs in-vivo
in-vitro studies in test tubes or controlled environments. in-vivo studies on living animals.
structures in the forebrain
cerebrum (cerebral cortex) and hypothalamus
what is hypothalamus responsible for?
maintaining homeostasis, regulating hormones, regulating appetite, thirst and body temp
what are the three types of attachment according to ainsworth’s attachment theory?
insecure avoidant (not affected by mother’s presence or return), secure attachment(cries when mother leaves, explores when mother is there) and insecure resistant (distressed entire time, doesn’t explore room)
what are the four stages of piaget’s cognitive developement theory?
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
cognition definition
mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension
sensorimotor; stage one
age - birth to 2 years old
thinking skills - coordinating limbs to grasp objects, turning towards noises
accomplishments - object permanence, goal directed behaviour
pre-operational; stage two
age - 2-7 years old
thinking skills - egocentric thinking, animism
accomplishments- decentre (shifting from egocentric), transformation, reversibility
concrete operational; stage three
age- 7 to 12 years old
thinking skills - view the world accurately, understand simple changes
accomplishments - classification, conservation
formal operational; stage four
age - 12+ years old
thinking skills - complex though process, development of ideas about beliefs, values ect
accomplishments - abstract thinking, logical thinking
criticisms of piaget’s theory
- cognitive achievements are often achieved younger
- broad age ranges
- difficult to generalise (small sample study)
Erikson’s theory stages
stage 1; trust vs mistrust (birth-18months)
stage 2; autonomy vs shame/doubt (18m-3yrs)
stage 3; initiative vs guilt (3-5yrs)
stage 4; industry vs inferiority (5-12yrs)
stage 5; identity vs identity confusion 12-18yrs)
stage 6; intimacy vs isolation (18-25yrs)
stage 7; generatively vs stagnation (25-65yrs)
stage 8; integrity vs despair (65+yrs)
typical vs atypical behaviour
typical behaviour is behaviour of majority of the population and consistent with how a person usually behaves vs atypical behaviour is not like majority of the population and inconsistent with how a person usually behaves
criteria used to categorise behaviour
cultural perspective (adequate to culture), social norms (obey common standards), statistic rarity (fits with most common characteristics), personal distress (experiencing stress that prevents usual activities), maladaptive behaviour (stops person from developing/funtioning)
adaptive vs maladaptive behaviour
adaptive behaviour allows person to cope with their environment with success vs maladaptive behaviour challenges a person to adjust behaviour to their environment
old brain theories
brain vs heart (egyptians believed heart held mind/soul), mind vs body problem (are the mind and body separate or same?) phrenology (feeling bumps and depressions on person’s skull to determine personality and traits)
structural neuro-imaging techniques
CT scan and MRI (mri is more detail showing tissue and fluid, CT is less expensive and more common)
functional neuro-imaging techniques
fMRI and PET scan
what is cerebrum (cerebral cortex) responsible for?
higher cognitive functions, voluntary emotions and movement
what is included in midbrain?
reticular formation, stimulates brain by filling with important sensory info and helps with selective focus and keeping us awake and attentive
what does hindbrain contain?
thalamus, the pons, the medulla and cerebellum
