unit one Flashcards
what are hereditary factors?
characteristics passed through genes such as eye colour, blood type,
what are environmental factors?
external and social factors that effect the development of our physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics such as SES, siblings
what is the nature vs nurture debate?
do genetics or environment have a greater role in development
in-vitro vs in-vivo
in-vitro studies in test tubes or controlled environments. in-vivo studies on living animals.
structures in the forebrain
cerebrum (cerebral cortex) and hypothalamus
what is hypothalamus responsible for?
maintaining homeostasis, regulating hormones, regulating appetite, thirst and body temp
what are the three types of attachment according to ainsworth’s attachment theory?
insecure avoidant (not affected by mother’s presence or return), secure attachment(cries when mother leaves, explores when mother is there) and insecure resistant (distressed entire time, doesn’t explore room)
what are the four stages of piaget’s cognitive developement theory?
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
cognition definition
mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension
sensorimotor; stage one
age - birth to 2 years old
thinking skills - coordinating limbs to grasp objects, turning towards noises
accomplishments - object permanence, goal directed behaviour
pre-operational; stage two
age - 2-7 years old
thinking skills - egocentric thinking, animism
accomplishments- decentre (shifting from egocentric), transformation, reversibility
concrete operational; stage three
age- 7 to 12 years old
thinking skills - view the world accurately, understand simple changes
accomplishments - classification, conservation
formal operational; stage four
age - 12+ years old
thinking skills - complex though process, development of ideas about beliefs, values ect
accomplishments - abstract thinking, logical thinking
criticisms of piaget’s theory
- cognitive achievements are often achieved younger
- broad age ranges
- difficult to generalise (small sample study)
Erikson’s theory stages
stage 1; trust vs mistrust (birth-18months)
stage 2; autonomy vs shame/doubt (18m-3yrs)
stage 3; initiative vs guilt (3-5yrs)
stage 4; industry vs inferiority (5-12yrs)
stage 5; identity vs identity confusion 12-18yrs)
stage 6; intimacy vs isolation (18-25yrs)
stage 7; generatively vs stagnation (25-65yrs)
stage 8; integrity vs despair (65+yrs)
typical vs atypical behaviour
typical behaviour is behaviour of majority of the population and consistent with how a person usually behaves vs atypical behaviour is not like majority of the population and inconsistent with how a person usually behaves
criteria used to categorise behaviour
cultural perspective (adequate to culture), social norms (obey common standards), statistic rarity (fits with most common characteristics), personal distress (experiencing stress that prevents usual activities), maladaptive behaviour (stops person from developing/funtioning)
adaptive vs maladaptive behaviour
adaptive behaviour allows person to cope with their environment with success vs maladaptive behaviour challenges a person to adjust behaviour to their environment
old brain theories
brain vs heart (egyptians believed heart held mind/soul), mind vs body problem (are the mind and body separate or same?) phrenology (feeling bumps and depressions on person’s skull to determine personality and traits)
structural neuro-imaging techniques
CT scan and MRI (mri is more detail showing tissue and fluid, CT is less expensive and more common)
functional neuro-imaging techniques
fMRI and PET scan
what is cerebrum (cerebral cortex) responsible for?
higher cognitive functions, voluntary emotions and movement
what is included in midbrain?
reticular formation, stimulates brain by filling with important sensory info and helps with selective focus and keeping us awake and attentive
what does hindbrain contain?
thalamus, the pons, the medulla and cerebellum
purpose of thalamus
relays sensory messages on the way to cerebral cortex
what is the purpose of the pons?
involved in arousal, sleep, daydreaming, waking, breathing and muscle movement
purpose of medulla
regulates vital involuntary bodily functions (swallowing, vomiting, coughing, heart rate)
purpose of cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements, balance
functions of the frontal lobe
voluntary movements, reasoning, problem solving, decision making
association area of frontal lobe?
prefrontal cortex; planning, problem solving, personality, control and expression of emotions
which speech area is in the frontal lobe?
brocca’s area
function of the parietal lobe
recieves and processes senory info
primary cortex in frontal lobe?
primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex in parietal lobe?
primary somatosensory cortex
function of temporal lobe?
auditory perception, memory, ability to identify objects and recognise faces
speech area in parietal lobe?
wernicke’s area
what does the sympathetic nervous system do?
activates internal organs and muscles to prepare the body for to deal with stressful or threatening situation
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
keeps systems functioning efficiently and restores body to a state of calm
what is the SAME abbreviation?
S ensory neurons
A fferent pathway to the brain
M otor neurons
e efferent pathway
how does neural transmition take place?
recieved by dendrite, passes through the soma and exits from the axon in the form of a neurotransmitter
how to neuro transmitters travel?
they cross the synaptic cleft between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron where they latch onto a receptor site
what are the three types of sampling?
random sampling, convenience sampling and stratified sampling
what is the between subjects research design?
one group is experimental group, one group is controlled group
what is the within subjects research design?
participants are in both the experiment and control group (do activity twice)
what are some structural changes?
descreased brain volume, deterioration of mylein sheath, thinning of cerebral cortex
what are some cognitive changes?
slower processing of stimuli, declined ability to recall new info, decline in attention and multitasking
what are the stages of developmental plasticity?
neurogenisis (brain cells divide and multiply), neural migration (neurons travel to destination to determine function), neural maturation (neurons extend axons and grow dendrites to form synapses), synaptogenisis (synapses form between neurons so info can transmit), synaptic pruning (extra, weak or unused synaptic connections are removed) and myelination (mylein sheaths coat axons)
neurons response to injury
rerouting (neurons seek new connections) and sprouting (new dendrites grow)
TBI vs NTBI
traumatic brain injury is caused by external force damages such as fall, assault and accidents VS non traumatic brain injury caused by internal factors such as tumours and strokes.
what is brocca’s aphasia ?
expressive!!!
- inability to produce clear, fluent speech
- speech is slow and slurred
- person knows they have this
what is wernicke;s aphasia?
fluency!!!
- inability to understand written and spoken language
- speech is clear, grammar is not correct
- person doesn’t know they have this
stages of CTE
stage 1; headaches, loss of attention/concentration
stage 2; anxiety/depression, suicidal, lack of impulse control
stage 3; problems with problem solving, planning, organising
stage 4; form of dementia
causes of CTE
TBI, concussion, effect of tau proteins clumping and tangling
