Unit One

Question 1

Carbohydrates:
Monomer
Elements
Examples
Function

Answer 1

monosaccharides 
CHO (1:2:1)
storage: starch (plants, hydrolyzed as needed), glycogen (muscles cells, animals) // structure cellulose (plants, not digestible), chitin (exoskeletons)

Question 2

Monosaccharide examples

Answer 2

Fructose, ribose, galactose, glucose

Question 3

Disaccharide Examples

Answer 3

glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)

Question 4

glycosidic linkages

Answer 4

covalent bond between monosaccharides in which water is lost

Question 5

dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

the creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules where water is released

Question 6

hydrolysis

Answer 6

the breakdown of polymers by adding water molecules

Question 7

Lipids:
Monomer
Elements
Examples
Function

Answer 7

glycerol and three fatty acids
CHO
phospholipids (only have 2 fatty acids// polar head and hydrophobic tails)
steroids (carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings): cholesterol found in cell membranes
(un)saturated fats (oil and wax)
function is energy storage (more than carbs) and structures membranes

Question 8

phospholipids

Answer 8

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails create bilayer arrangement which make up cell membranes

Question 9

Nucleic Acids:
Monomer
elements
examples
function

Answer 9

nucleotides program the amino acid sequences of polypeptides Examples: (deoxyribosenucleic acids (ATCG) and ribonucleic acid (AUCG))
CHONP
function is store and carry genetic information that makes RNA and proteins

Question 10

nucleotides

Answer 10

made of a 5 Carbon Sugar, Phosphate Backbone and Nitrogen Base
polynucleotides form nucleic acids

Question 11

Nucleic Acid Function

Answer 11

• directs RNA synthesis (transcription)
• directs protein synthesis (translation)

run antiparallel

Question 12

Proteins:
monomer
elements
examples
function

Answer 12

amino acids
CHON
Enzymes, hormones, insulin, collagen, glucogen, antibiotics, pepsin
function is structure, function and regulation of tissues and organs

Question 13

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 13

1) primary: unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
2) secondary: folding and coiling of a polypeptide into a repeating configuration
- includes the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
3) tertiary: overall 3-D shape
- results from interactions between aminos and R groups
4) quaternary: overall structure that results from the aggregation of a 2+ polypeptide subunit

Question 14

denaturation

Answer 14

when a protein unravels and loses its native shape

Question 15

cohesion and adhesion

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together and adhere them to hydrophilic surfaces
water molecules stick together (co) and adhere to plant cell walls (transpiration)

Question 16

high specific heat

Answer 16

harder to increase or decrease temperature when hydrogen bonds break or form
temperature changes in the environment and within organisms are moderated

Question 17

high heat of vaporization

Answer 17

hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate

moderates earth’s climate (soaks and releases solar energy)

Question 18

evaporative cooling

Answer 18

water molecules with hgh kinetic energy evaporate; remainging molecules are cooler

still moisture in ground because not all evaporate
balances water cycle
sweat

Question 19

less dense as a solid

Answer 19

frozen molecules have a latticed shape and molecules are spread further apart than was liquid

ice floats and organisms in large bodies of water can live

Question 20

universal solvent

Answer 20

polar qualities dissolve polar and ionic compounds
has areas of positive and negative charge, large variety of compounds can be dissolved

most chemical reactions in life involve solutes dissolved in water

Question 21

Carbon

Answer 21

involved with all organic compounds

tetravalence- has 4 valence electrons and can form up to 4 covalent bonds

forms isomers: structural (varies in covalent arrangement), cis-trans (differ in spatial arrangement) and enantiomers (mirror images of molecules)