Unit One Flashcards
Carbohydrates: Monomer Elements Examples Function
monosaccharides CHO (1:2:1) storage: starch (plants, hydrolyzed as needed), glycogen (muscles cells, animals) // structure cellulose (plants, not digestible), chitin (exoskeletons)
Monosaccharide examples
Fructose, ribose, galactose, glucose
Disaccharide Examples
glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
glycosidic linkages
covalent bond between monosaccharides in which water is lost
dehydration synthesis
the creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules where water is released
hydrolysis
the breakdown of polymers by adding water molecules
Lipids: Monomer Elements Examples Function
glycerol and three fatty acids
CHO
phospholipids (only have 2 fatty acids// polar head and hydrophobic tails)
steroids (carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings): cholesterol found in cell membranes
(un)saturated fats (oil and wax)
function is energy storage (more than carbs) and structures membranes
phospholipids
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails create bilayer arrangement which make up cell membranes
Nucleic Acids: Monomer elements examples function
nucleotides program the amino acid sequences of polypeptides Examples: (deoxyribosenucleic acids (ATCG) and ribonucleic acid (AUCG))
CHONP
function is store and carry genetic information that makes RNA and proteins
nucleotides
made of a 5 Carbon Sugar, Phosphate Backbone and Nitrogen Base
polynucleotides form nucleic acids
Nucleic Acid Function
- directs RNA synthesis (transcription)
- directs protein synthesis (translation)
run antiparallel
Proteins: monomer elements examples function
amino acids
CHON
Enzymes, hormones, insulin, collagen, glucogen, antibiotics, pepsin
function is structure, function and regulation of tissues and organs
4 levels of protein structure
1) primary: unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
2) secondary: folding and coiling of a polypeptide into a repeating configuration
- includes the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
3) tertiary: overall 3-D shape
- results from interactions between aminos and R groups
4) quaternary: overall structure that results from the aggregation of a 2+ polypeptide subunit
denaturation
when a protein unravels and loses its native shape
cohesion and adhesion
hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together and adhere them to hydrophilic surfaces
water molecules stick together (co) and adhere to plant cell walls (transpiration)
high specific heat
harder to increase or decrease temperature when hydrogen bonds break or form
temperature changes in the environment and within organisms are moderated
high heat of vaporization
hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
moderates earth’s climate (soaks and releases solar energy)
evaporative cooling
water molecules with hgh kinetic energy evaporate; remainging molecules are cooler
still moisture in ground because not all evaporate
balances water cycle
sweat
less dense as a solid
frozen molecules have a latticed shape and molecules are spread further apart than was liquid
ice floats and organisms in large bodies of water can live
universal solvent
polar qualities dissolve polar and ionic compounds
has areas of positive and negative charge, large variety of compounds can be dissolved
most chemical reactions in life involve solutes dissolved in water
Carbon
involved with all organic compounds
tetravalence- has 4 valence electrons and can form up to 4 covalent bonds
forms isomers: structural (varies in covalent arrangement), cis-trans (differ in spatial arrangement) and enantiomers (mirror images of molecules)
