unit 7: natural selection

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

scala naturalae; animal classification series. grouped by abitat

Question 2

linnaeus

Answer 2

father of taxonomy; binomial nomenclature

Question 3

cuvier

Answer 3

founded paleontology: catastrophism, mass extinction, then immigrant populations
explains fossil record

Question 4

Lyell

Answer 4

uniformitarianism- the earth was thousands of years old and populations were constant and not evolving

Question 5

lamarck

Answer 5

-use/disuse of traits: if an organism does not use a feature, it eventually disappears through evolution)
-acquired traits are passed down

Question 6

malthus

Answer 6

overpopulation; increase rapidly and decrease because of war, famine, disease, and general population limits

Question 7

natural selection

Answer 7

mechanism for evolution; populations better suited for environment survive

Question 8

“survival of the fittest”

Answer 8

animals most fit to survive will reproduce the most

Question 9

populations are

Answer 9

the smallest unit on which evolution will act
-includes an individuals genome

Question 10

adaptation

Answer 10

enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Question 11

homologous structures

Answer 11

two animals of different species will have similar anatomy from common ancestors

Question 12

biological species concepts

Answer 12

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups”.

Question 13

morphological

Answer 13

body shapes

Question 14

phylogenetic

Answer 14

greater than one ancestor in common

Question 15

ecological

Answer 15

based on environment

Question 16

biogeography

Answer 16

geographic distribution of a species

Question 17

genetic variation

Answer 17

usually comes from mutations, necessary for natural selection and evolution

Question 18

fitness

Answer 18

number of viable and fertile offspring produced

Question 19

gene flow

Answer 19

transfer of alleles through a population

Question 20

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 20

rapid speciation; sporadic periods of evolution followed by nothing for a time, then the process repeats

Question 21

sexual dimorphism

Answer 21

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.
results in intersexual selection (mate choice)

Question 22

directional selection

Answer 22

favors one EXTREME phenotype

Question 23

stabilizing selection

Answer 23

eliminates extreme and favors average phenotypes

Question 24

disruptive selection

Answer 24

favors BOTH extremes

Question 25

allopatric speciation

Answer 25

divided by physical barrier that creates subpopulations

Question 26

protobionts

Answer 26

surrounding membrane; Protobionts formed in a primordial soup on early Earth that contained lots of elements and compounds that were able to form gradually larger, complex molecules necessary for life.

Question 27

miller and urey experiments

Answer 27

mimicked early earth conditions and made amino acids through abiotic synthesis

Question 28

prokaryotic cells

Answer 28

evolved and developed before eukaryotes

Question 29

fossil record/development

Answer 29

fossils develop in layers,

Question 30

hierarchy

Answer 30

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 31

Phylogenic tree

Answer 31

rooted with a common ancestor

Question 32

polyphyletic taxon

Answer 32

organisms that are grouped together despite not being closely related.
more than one branch

more than one common ancestor

Question 33

monophyletic taxon

Answer 33

one common ancestor

Question 34

requirements for Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 34

1. no mutations
2. no natural selection
3. extremely large population size
4. no gene flow
5. random mating