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MicroBio > Unit Objective 1 > Flashcards

Unit Objective 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenic

A

disease causing

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2
Q

3 ways in which microbes can benefit humans?

A
  1. helps with digestion
  2. used in the food industry
  3. synthesizes drugs, alcohol, and enzymes
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3
Q

difference between genus and species + examples

A

genus is the broader first name (always captialized), species is the specific second name (lower case)
ie. Staph (genus) aureus (species)

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4
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  1. Bacteria: prokaryote (no nucleus), cell walls made of peptidoglycan
  2. Archaea: prokaryotic cells (no nucleus), if cell wall, then it lacks peptidoglycan
  3. Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells (WITH nucleus), protists, fungi, plants, animals
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5
Q

Which domain has a nueclus?

A

Eukarya

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6
Q

Which domains have a cell wall? Whats the difference between the two?

A

Bacteria has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while Archaea has a cell wall that lacks it

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7
Q

What is normal microbiota?

A

Microbes on and in our body. They are normal and healthy, and often beneficial.
-prevents overgrowth, produces vitamins.

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8
Q

When can normal flora cause harm?

A

When your immune system is compromised.

When the normal flora leaves its normal habitat

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9
Q

What determines whether a microbe will cause you harm?

A

Your resistance.

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10
Q

Example of structures, body componenets, etc that contribute to our resistance to microbes

A
  1. Normal stomach acid level
  2. No open wounds
  3. Normal count of white blood cells
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11
Q

What is Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?

A

New or changing diseases; Evolutionary changes in existing organisms

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12
Q

Example of an EID?

A

Swine Flu, E. Bola, Avian Flu

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13
Q

What are 3 factors that contribute to emergence of infectious disease?

A
  1. Increased human exposure to new agents
  2. Evolutionary changes in an existing organism
  3. Modern transport spreads known diseases to new regions
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14
Q

Chemotroph

A

An organism that can use ORGANIC/INORGANIC molecules as an energy source.

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15
Q

Phototroph

A

Organism that cause use LIGHT to produce ATP (photosynthesis). Mostly preformed by plant bacteria.

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16
Q

Heterotroph

A

Uses organic molecules like CARBON as a course

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Uses CO2 as a carbon souce (Plants use this)

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18
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Uses ORGANIC/INORGANIC molecules as energy source. ORGANIC molecules as carbon source.

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19
Q

Mycology

A

The study of fungi

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20
Q

Mycosis

A

Fungal Infections

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21
Q

Thallus

A

Body of the fungus that consists of hyphae

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22
Q

Hyphae

A

long filaments of cells that make up the thallus (body of the fungus)

Note: there are 2 types of Hyphae: Vegitative and Arial.

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23
Q

General Characteristic of a fungi

A
  • Cell wall made of chitin
  • Eukaryotic cells (genetic material is surrounded by a membrane)
  • Chemoheterotroph (decomposes and reabsorbs nutrients from the environment)
  • Reproduces sexually or asexually

Majority of the fungi is underground. The part that pops up from the ground is the reproductive part.

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24
Q

How are fungi beneficial to us?

A
  1. Recycles elements by absorbing nutrients
  2. Makes food (bread)
  3. Make drugs (penicillin)
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25
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

2 forms of growth: either mold like or yeast like.

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26
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Harbors larval or asexual stage of the parasite.

Not where the parasite originally intended to go.

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27
Q

Difinitive Host

A

Harbors adults, sexually mature parasites

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28
Q

General characteristic of protozoa

A 
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
No cell wall
Heterotroph/photoheterotroph
Reproduces sexually or asexually
Lives in animals, water, soil
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29
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic worms

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30
Q

General characteristics of Helminths

A

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Most posses digestive, circulatory, nervous etc systems.
They are free living and have complex life styles.

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31
Q

Name the 2 main phyla that Helminths are divided into?

A
  1. Nematodes (round worms)

2. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

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32
Q

Name the 2 groups that Platylhelminthes are divided into

A
  1. Flukes (Trematodes)

2. Tapeworms (Cestodes)

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33
Q

Explain the importance of arthropods in disease

A

Arthropods are animals with segmented bodies, external skeletons, and joined legs.

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34
Q

how do arthropods transmit disease.

A

Arthropods tend to be vectors and infects us through mechanical transport (insect deposits something on you or on something you eat) or feeds on you (bites you)

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35
Q

Vectors

A

Organisms that carry pathogen microbes

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36
Q

Prokaryote

A

DNA is single, circular chromosome with no membrane surrounding it.
NO histones or membrane bound organelles.
Divide by binary fission

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37
Q

Eukaryote

A

DNA is multiple linear chromosomes with a nuclear membrane surrounding it.
DNA is associated with histones and have tons of membrane enclosed organelles.
Cell division by meiosis/mitosis

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38
Q

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane enclosed organelles or histones, while eukaryotes do.
Prokaryotes have single circular DNA, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosome

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39
Q

What are teh 5 characteristics used to differentiate bacteria?

A
  1. Morphology: shape/arrangement
  2. Chemical Composition
  3. Nutirtional Requirements
  4. Biochemical activity
  5. Source of energy: What they use as their source (light, chemicals, etc)
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40
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Vibrio: curved rod shaped
  2. Sprilla: rigid corkscrews that use flagella to move
  3. Spirochetes: flexible helices using axial filaments to move.
  4. Star, rectangular, triangular
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41
Q

5 Arrangements of each shape

A
  1. Diplo = pairs
  2. Strepto = chains
  3. Tetrads = fours
  4. Sarcinae = 8 cubes
  5. Staphylo = clusters
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42
Q

Monomorphic

A

Maintains single shape

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43
Q

Pheomorphic

A

Has many shapes (more difficult to identify)

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44
Q

Virulence

A

Has the ability to cause disease

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45
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coat” attached directly outside the cell wall. It is genetically determined, so not all bacteria have glycocalyx

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46
Q

2 types of Glycocalyx and how they are different.

A
  1. Capsule: more likley to cause disease because it cannot be rid of easily. Organized and firmly attached to cell wall.
  2. Slime: Unorganized loosely attached to the cell wall.
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47
Q

3 ways glycocalyx contributes to bacterial virulence

A
  1. protects cells from bacterial ingestion by immune system
  2. attaches to surfaces
  3. prevents dehydration
48
Q

Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)

A

glycocalyx made of carbohydrates

49
Q

How do specific structures/components of prok cell contirbute to virulence of a bacterium?

A

Capsule is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, making it difficult to remove. This may prevent dehydration which increases bacterial virulence.

50
Q

What are teh 5 different arrangements of flagella?

A
  1. Atrichous: No flagella
  2. Monotrichous: 1 polar flagellum
  3. Ampthitrichous: Flagella at each end
  4. Lophotrichous: 2+ at one end
  5. Peritrichous: Distributed over entire cell.
51
Q

Arrangement of the slime layer

A

Unorganized loose attachment to the cell wall

52
Q

Lophotrichous

A

2+ flagella at one end

53
Q

Ampthitrichous

A

Flagella at each end

54
Q

Peritrichous

A

Distributed flagella over an entire cell

55
Q

Motility

A

Ability of an organism to move itself.

56
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement towards a chemical stimuli

57
Q

Flagella

A

Long filaments that propel some bacteria

58
Q

Axial Filament (endoflagella)

A

Bundle of fibrils that spiral around cell

59
Q

Fimbrae

A

Shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella. Made of pilin and used to attach to surfaces.

60
Q

Pili (conjugated pili)

A

Longer than fimbrae. Made of pilin. Joins bacterial cells for conjugation (transfer of DNA)

61
Q

Structure and function of prokaryotic cell wall

+ Clinical significance

A

Complex semi-rigid structure.
Protects cell from environmental changes and helps cell maintain shape.
*Contributes to ability to cause disease. target of some antibiotics. Chemical make-up is used to differentiate bacteria.

62
Q

Lysis

A

Rupture of plasma membrane leading to cell death.

63
Q

Major components of peptidoglycan

A

Peptidoglycan is repeating disaccharide cross-linked by polypeptides.
The disachhardie protion = alternating NAG NAM chains which forms a carbohydrate backbone (after ~10-65 repeats)

64
Q

Gram positive/negative an teichoic acids

A

Gram positive HAS teichoic acids. Gram negative does NOT.

65
Q

How does penicillin target cell walls?

A
  1. Interferes with peptide cross bridge formation

2. As the cells grow, penicillin weakens the cell wall, resulting in cell lysis.

66
Q

Compare and contrast the structure and components of gram negative and gram positive cell walls.

A

Gram positive has MANY layers of peptidoglycan (thick layer) and teichoic acid, but NOT outer membrane or periplasm.

Gram negative has only a single layer of peptidoglycan, an outer membrane and periplasm, but NO teichoic acid.

67
Q

Teichoic acid functions

A
  1. regulates movements of cations in/out of the cell
  2. Role in cell growth- prevents wall breakdown
  3. antigenic specificity- way to identify bacteria in lab.
68
Q

periplasm

A

gel like fluid between outer membrane and plasma membrane.

Contains peptidoglycan, degredative enzymes, and transport proteins.

69
Q

Porin

A

the outer membrane proteins; allows some substances through.

70
Q

Composition of the outer membrane, its funciton, and how substances get through it

A

Outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids
Note: ALL gram negative have toxins on the outer membrane because they actually have an outer membrane (unlike gram positives that do not, therefore cannot have toxins)

71
Q

Structure of LPS + where its found

A

Component of the outer membrane.

Contains: Lipid A and O’Polysaccharide

72
Q

Why does penicillin have little effect on gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria evades our immune system by creating barriers from antibiotics, like penicillin

73
Q

Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure

A

inside the cell wall (inner membrane); encloses cytoplasm.

Structure consists of a lipid bilayer: polar head group outside and nonpolar tail inside

74
Q

Bacterial Plasma Membrane Function

A

Serves as a selectively permeable barrier that allows certain molecules/ions to pass through. Plasma membrane breaks down nutrients and energy production. It is an electron transport for proteins for respiration.

75
Q

Chromatophores

A

folds that contain molecules involved in photosyntehsis

76
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotes?

A

Chromatopores

77
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy required. Concentration gradient naturally moves from high concentration to low

78
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP. When concentration is greater inside than outside, then it uses ATP to move the substance into the cell

79
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached

80
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from low concentration to high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

81
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal solutes inside and outside the cell. no net movement of water

82
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower solutes compared to another solution (ie. can describe the inside of a cell if the inside is low in solute and the outside is dense in solvent)

Leads to lysis

83
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher solutes compared to another solution

Leads to plasmolysis

84
Q

Group Translocation + example

A

When a substance is altered during transport. Plasma membrane is impermeable to latered form once inside.
Ie. Glucose.

85
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular ds-DNA

86
Q

How are prokaryote ribosomes different form eukaryotic ribosomes?
+ example

A

Prokaryote ribosomes = 50S + 30S –> 70S subunit
Eukaryote ribosome = 40S + 60S –> 80S subunit
Because the ribosomes are structurally different, several antibiotics are able to specifically target one and not the other.
ie. streptomycin

87
Q

3 Functions of Inclusions

A
  1. Reserve deposits of nutrients
  2. Svoids increase of osmotic pressure
  3. Some serve for identification
88
Q

Endospore

A

Extremely resisitant dehydrated form of the cell. NOT FOR REPRODUCTION, but merely for means of survical

89
Q

Sporulation

A

Formation of endospores

90
Q

Germination

A

Triggered by physical or chemical damage to spore coat.

91
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in living organisms

92
Q

Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolic reactions are degredative. They break down complex organic molecules into simple ones. (exogonic)

Anabolic reactions are biosynthetic, meaning they do the opposite. They build complex organic molecules. (endergonic)

93
Q

Exogonic

A

Reaction releases energy, like in catabolic reactions

94
Q

Endergonic

A

Reaction required energy, like in anabolic reactions.

95
Q

Catabolism

A

Degredative. They break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones. (exogonic, meaning the break down does NOT require energy, but rather releases energy)

96
Q

Anabolic

A

Biosynthetic. They build complex organic molecules (endergonic, meaning this reaction requires energy)

97
Q

Energy coupling and how ATP couples catabolism and anabolism

A

ATP couples energy to store for catabolic reactions and then release energy to run anabolic reactions.

98
Q

Collision theory

A

Explains how chemical reactions occur and what factors affect the rate of reaction.

99
Q

Rate of reaction

A

Frequency of collisions with enough energy for a reaction to occur

100
Q

Activation energy

A

energy required for a collision to disrupt a stable electron arrangement so a reaction can occur.

101
Q

3 steps on how chemical reactions occur

A
  1. Atoms/molecules constantly colliding
  2. energy transferred in the collision disrupts electron structure
  3. Bonds are broken. New bonds are formed
102
Q

2 factors that can increase teh rate of reaction

A
  1. velocity of colliding particles

2. energy of particles

103
Q

enzyme

A

biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions without being altered (catalysts). They lower activation energy, increase the rate of reaction.
They are very specific.

104
Q

Substrate

A

reactant an enzyme acts on

105
Q

Active site

A

specific region that interacts with the substrate

106
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein portion of the enzyme (inactive)

107
Q

Cofactor

A

non-protein portion of the enzyme; ions of iron, zinc, magnesium, etc.

108
Q

Coenzyme

A

non-protein portion of enzyme; organic molecules (often vitamins)

109
Q

Holoenzyme

A

active enzyme (apoenzyme + cofactor/coenzyme)

110
Q

Explain how enzymes lower activation energy of a reaction.

A

Enzymes change the configuration and position things in a much more favorable way to form a bond.

111
Q

Examples of coenzymes

A
  1. Vitamin K: coenzyme used in electron transport

2. Biotin: involved in CO2 fixation reaction and fatty acid syntehsis.

112
Q

Describe the 5 step mechanism of enzyme action and factors that influence enzymic activity

A
  1. subsrtate contacts surface of enzyme at the active site.
  2. Temporary intermediate compound forms (enzyme substrate complex)
  3. Stubstrate is transformed: rearrangment of atoms, breakdown of substrate, joined with another substrate
  4. Products are released from the enzyme
  5. Enzyme is read to catalyze another reaction.
113
Q

Denaturation

A

When the secondary and teritary structure of nucleic acids or proteins are lost/broken down
(ie. denaturing of ds-DNA at high temps = unwinding of DNA into 2 ss-DNA)

114
Q

What causes a protein to denature

A
  1. Increased temperature
  2. change in pH level
  3. Substrate concentration, but only until a certain point in which further increase will not affect reaction rate.
115
Q

Saturation and what affect it has on the reaction rate.

A

Saturation is the max about of solute a solvant absorbs. The higher saturation of teh substrate, the more active sites that will be occupied by the substrate.

116
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

Competes with a substrate to fill an active site. Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

117
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

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MicroBio (4 decks)

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