Unit Objective 1 Flashcards
1
Q
pathogenic
A
disease causing
2
Q
3 ways in which microbes can benefit humans?
A
- helps with digestion
- used in the food industry
- synthesizes drugs, alcohol, and enzymes
3
Q
difference between genus and species + examples
A
genus is the broader first name (always captialized), species is the specific second name (lower case)
ie. Staph (genus) aureus (species)
4
Q
What are the 3 domains?
A
- Bacteria: prokaryote (no nucleus), cell walls made of peptidoglycan
- Archaea: prokaryotic cells (no nucleus), if cell wall, then it lacks peptidoglycan
- Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells (WITH nucleus), protists, fungi, plants, animals
5
Q
Which domain has a nueclus?
A
Eukarya
6
Q
Which domains have a cell wall? Whats the difference between the two?
A
Bacteria has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while Archaea has a cell wall that lacks it
7
Q
What is normal microbiota?
A
Microbes on and in our body. They are normal and healthy, and often beneficial.
-prevents overgrowth, produces vitamins.
8
Q
When can normal flora cause harm?
A
When your immune system is compromised.
When the normal flora leaves its normal habitat
9
Q
What determines whether a microbe will cause you harm?
A
Your resistance.
10
Q
Example of structures, body componenets, etc that contribute to our resistance to microbes
A
- Normal stomach acid level
- No open wounds
- Normal count of white blood cells
11
Q
What is Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?
A
New or changing diseases; Evolutionary changes in existing organisms
12
Q
Example of an EID?
A
Swine Flu, E. Bola, Avian Flu
13
Q
What are 3 factors that contribute to emergence of infectious disease?
A
- Increased human exposure to new agents
- Evolutionary changes in an existing organism
- Modern transport spreads known diseases to new regions
14
Q
Chemotroph
A
An organism that can use ORGANIC/INORGANIC molecules as an energy source.
15
Q
Phototroph
A
Organism that cause use LIGHT to produce ATP (photosynthesis). Mostly preformed by plant bacteria.
16
Q
Heterotroph
A
Uses organic molecules like CARBON as a course
17
Q
Autotroph
A
Uses CO2 as a carbon souce (Plants use this)
18
Q
Chemoheterotroph
A
Uses ORGANIC/INORGANIC molecules as energy source. ORGANIC molecules as carbon source.
19
Q
Mycology
A
The study of fungi
20
Q
Mycosis
A
Fungal Infections
21
Q
Thallus
A
Body of the fungus that consists of hyphae
22
Q
Hyphae
A
long filaments of cells that make up the thallus (body of the fungus)
Note: there are 2 types of Hyphae: Vegitative and Arial.
23
Q
General Characteristic of a fungi
A
- Cell wall made of chitin
- Eukaryotic cells (genetic material is surrounded by a membrane)
- Chemoheterotroph (decomposes and reabsorbs nutrients from the environment)
- Reproduces sexually or asexually
Majority of the fungi is underground. The part that pops up from the ground is the reproductive part.
24
Q
How are fungi beneficial to us?
A
- Recycles elements by absorbing nutrients
- Makes food (bread)
- Make drugs (penicillin)
25
Dimorphic fungi
2 forms of growth: either mold like or yeast like.
26
Intermediate Host
Harbors larval or asexual stage of the parasite.
| Not where the parasite originally intended to go.
27
Difinitive Host
Harbors adults, sexually mature parasites
28
General characteristic of protozoa
```
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
No cell wall
Heterotroph/photoheterotroph
Reproduces sexually or asexually
Lives in animals, water, soil
```
29
Helminths
Parasitic worms
30
General characteristics of Helminths
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Most posses digestive, circulatory, nervous etc systems.
They are free living and have complex life styles.
31
Name the 2 main phyla that Helminths are divided into?
1. Nematodes (round worms)
| 2. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
32
Name the 2 groups that Platylhelminthes are divided into
1. Flukes (Trematodes)
| 2. Tapeworms (Cestodes)
33
Explain the importance of arthropods in disease
Arthropods are animals with segmented bodies, external skeletons, and joined legs.
34
how do arthropods transmit disease.
Arthropods tend to be vectors and infects us through mechanical transport (insect deposits something on you or on something you eat) or feeds on you (bites you)
35
Vectors
Organisms that carry pathogen microbes
36
Prokaryote
DNA is single, circular chromosome with no membrane surrounding it.
NO histones or membrane bound organelles.
Divide by binary fission
37
Eukaryote
DNA is multiple linear chromosomes with a nuclear membrane surrounding it.
DNA is associated with histones and have tons of membrane enclosed organelles.
Cell division by meiosis/mitosis
38
Difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have no membrane enclosed organelles or histones, while eukaryotes do.
Prokaryotes have single circular DNA, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosome
39
What are teh 5 characteristics used to differentiate bacteria?
1. Morphology: shape/arrangement
2. Chemical Composition
3. Nutirtional Requirements
4. Biochemical activity
5. Source of energy: What they use as their source (light, chemicals, etc)
40
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
1. Vibrio: curved rod shaped
2. Sprilla: rigid corkscrews that use flagella to move
3. Spirochetes: flexible helices using axial filaments to move.
4. Star, rectangular, triangular
41
5 Arrangements of each shape
1. Diplo = pairs
2. Strepto = chains
3. Tetrads = fours
4. Sarcinae = 8 cubes
5. Staphylo = clusters
42
Monomorphic
Maintains single shape
43
Pheomorphic
Has many shapes (more difficult to identify)
44
Virulence
Has the ability to cause disease
45
Glycocalyx
"sugar coat" attached directly outside the cell wall. It is genetically determined, so not all bacteria have glycocalyx
46
2 types of Glycocalyx and how they are different.
1. Capsule: more likley to cause disease because it cannot be rid of easily. Organized and firmly attached to cell wall.
2. Slime: Unorganized loosely attached to the cell wall.
47
3 ways glycocalyx contributes to bacterial virulence
1. protects cells from bacterial ingestion by immune system
2. attaches to surfaces
3. prevents dehydration
48
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)
glycocalyx made of carbohydrates
49
How do specific structures/components of prok cell contirbute to virulence of a bacterium?
Capsule is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, making it difficult to remove. This may prevent dehydration which increases bacterial virulence.
50
What are teh 5 different arrangements of flagella?
1. Atrichous: No flagella
2. Monotrichous: 1 polar flagellum
3. Ampthitrichous: Flagella at each end
4. Lophotrichous: 2+ at one end
5. Peritrichous: Distributed over entire cell.
51
Arrangement of the slime layer
Unorganized loose attachment to the cell wall
52
Lophotrichous
2+ flagella at one end
53
Ampthitrichous
Flagella at each end
54
Peritrichous
Distributed flagella over an entire cell
55
Motility
Ability of an organism to move itself.
56
Chemotaxis
Movement towards a chemical stimuli
57
Flagella
Long filaments that propel some bacteria
58
Axial Filament (endoflagella)
Bundle of fibrils that spiral around cell
59
Fimbrae
Shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella. Made of pilin and used to attach to surfaces.
60
Pili (conjugated pili)
Longer than fimbrae. Made of pilin. Joins bacterial cells for conjugation (transfer of DNA)
61
Structure and function of prokaryotic cell wall
| + Clinical significance
Complex semi-rigid structure.
Protects cell from environmental changes and helps cell maintain shape.
*Contributes to ability to cause disease. target of some antibiotics. Chemical make-up is used to differentiate bacteria.
62
Lysis
Rupture of plasma membrane leading to cell death.
63
Major components of peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan is repeating disaccharide cross-linked by polypeptides.
The disachhardie protion = alternating NAG NAM chains which forms a carbohydrate backbone (after ~10-65 repeats)
64
Gram positive/negative an teichoic acids
Gram positive HAS teichoic acids. Gram negative does NOT.
65
How does penicillin target cell walls?
1. Interferes with peptide cross bridge formation
| 2. As the cells grow, penicillin weakens the cell wall, resulting in cell lysis.
66
Compare and contrast the structure and components of gram negative and gram positive cell walls.
Gram positive has MANY layers of peptidoglycan (thick layer) and teichoic acid, but NOT outer membrane or periplasm.
Gram negative has only a single layer of peptidoglycan, an outer membrane and periplasm, but NO teichoic acid.
67
Teichoic acid functions
1. regulates movements of cations in/out of the cell
2. Role in cell growth- prevents wall breakdown
3. antigenic specificity- way to identify bacteria in lab.
68
periplasm
gel like fluid between outer membrane and plasma membrane.
| Contains peptidoglycan, degredative enzymes, and transport proteins.
69
Porin
the outer membrane proteins; allows some substances through.
70
Composition of the outer membrane, its funciton, and how substances get through it
Outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids
Note: ALL gram negative have toxins on the outer membrane because they actually have an outer membrane (unlike gram positives that do not, therefore cannot have toxins)
71
Structure of LPS + where its found
Component of the outer membrane.
| Contains: Lipid A and O'Polysaccharide
72
Why does penicillin have little effect on gram-negative bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria evades our immune system by creating barriers from antibiotics, like penicillin
73
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure
inside the cell wall (inner membrane); encloses cytoplasm.
| Structure consists of a lipid bilayer: polar head group outside and nonpolar tail inside
74
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Function
Serves as a selectively permeable barrier that allows certain molecules/ions to pass through. Plasma membrane breaks down nutrients and energy production. It is an electron transport for proteins for respiration.
75
Chromatophores
folds that contain molecules involved in photosyntehsis
76
Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotes?
Chromatopores
77
Passive Transport
No energy required. Concentration gradient naturally moves from high concentration to low
78
Active transport
Requires ATP. When concentration is greater inside than outside, then it uses ATP to move the substance into the cell
79
Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached
80
Osmosis
Movement of water from low concentration to high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
81
Isotonic
Equal solutes inside and outside the cell. no net movement of water
82
Hypotonic
Lower solutes compared to another solution (ie. can describe the inside of a cell if the inside is low in solute and the outside is dense in solvent)
Leads to lysis
83
Hypertonic
Higher solutes compared to another solution
| Leads to plasmolysis
84
Group Translocation + example
When a substance is altered during transport. Plasma membrane is impermeable to latered form once inside.
Ie. Glucose.
85
Plasmid
Small circular ds-DNA
86
How are prokaryote ribosomes different form eukaryotic ribosomes?
+ example
Prokaryote ribosomes = 50S + 30S --> 70S subunit
Eukaryote ribosome = 40S + 60S --> 80S subunit
Because the ribosomes are structurally different, several antibiotics are able to specifically target one and not the other.
ie. streptomycin
87
3 Functions of Inclusions
1. Reserve deposits of nutrients
2. Svoids increase of osmotic pressure
3. Some serve for identification
88
Endospore
Extremely resisitant dehydrated form of the cell. NOT FOR REPRODUCTION, but merely for means of survical
89
Sporulation
Formation of endospores
90
Germination
Triggered by physical or chemical damage to spore coat.
91
Metabolism
All chemical reactions in living organisms
92
Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism
Catabolic reactions are degredative. They break down complex organic molecules into simple ones. (exogonic)
Anabolic reactions are biosynthetic, meaning they do the opposite. They build complex organic molecules. (endergonic)
93
Exogonic
Reaction releases energy, like in catabolic reactions
94
Endergonic
Reaction required energy, like in anabolic reactions.
95
Catabolism
Degredative. They break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones. (exogonic, meaning the break down does NOT require energy, but rather releases energy)
96
Anabolic
Biosynthetic. They build complex organic molecules (endergonic, meaning this reaction requires energy)
97
Energy coupling and how ATP couples catabolism and anabolism
ATP couples energy to store for catabolic reactions and then release energy to run anabolic reactions.
98
Collision theory
Explains how chemical reactions occur and what factors affect the rate of reaction.
99
Rate of reaction
Frequency of collisions with enough energy for a reaction to occur
100
Activation energy
energy required for a collision to disrupt a stable electron arrangement so a reaction can occur.
101
3 steps on how chemical reactions occur
1. Atoms/molecules constantly colliding
2. energy transferred in the collision disrupts electron structure
3. Bonds are broken. New bonds are formed
102
2 factors that can increase teh rate of reaction
1. velocity of colliding particles
| 2. energy of particles
103
enzyme
biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions without being altered (catalysts). They lower activation energy, increase the rate of reaction.
They are very specific.
104
Substrate
reactant an enzyme acts on
105
Active site
specific region that interacts with the substrate
106
Apoenzyme
protein portion of the enzyme (inactive)
107
Cofactor
non-protein portion of the enzyme; ions of iron, zinc, magnesium, etc.
108
Coenzyme
non-protein portion of enzyme; organic molecules (often vitamins)
109
Holoenzyme
active enzyme (apoenzyme + cofactor/coenzyme)
110
Explain how enzymes lower activation energy of a reaction.
Enzymes change the configuration and position things in a much more favorable way to form a bond.
111
Examples of coenzymes
1. Vitamin K: coenzyme used in electron transport
| 2. Biotin: involved in CO2 fixation reaction and fatty acid syntehsis.
112
Describe the 5 step mechanism of enzyme action and factors that influence enzymic activity
1. subsrtate contacts surface of enzyme at the active site.
2. Temporary intermediate compound forms (enzyme substrate complex)
3. Stubstrate is transformed: rearrangment of atoms, breakdown of substrate, joined with another substrate
4. Products are released from the enzyme
5. Enzyme is read to catalyze another reaction.
113
Denaturation
When the secondary and teritary structure of nucleic acids or proteins are lost/broken down
(ie. denaturing of ds-DNA at high temps = unwinding of DNA into 2 ss-DNA)
114
What causes a protein to denature
1. Increased temperature
2. change in pH level
3. Substrate concentration, but only until a certain point in which further increase will not affect reaction rate.
115
Saturation and what affect it has on the reaction rate.
Saturation is the max about of solute a solvant absorbs. The higher saturation of teh substrate, the more active sites that will be occupied by the substrate.
116
Competitive Inhibitor
Competes with a substrate to fill an active site. Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
117
Noncompetitive inhibitor
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