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Nur 4410 Peds Exam #1 > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased number of RBCs
Decreases O2-carrying capacity
For most cases, anemia is a symptom of another disease

A

Anemia

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2
Q

Signs & Symptoms
May be asymptomatic
Fatigue, SOA, HA, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, paleness, tachycardia

A

Anemia

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3
Q

Nursing Care for Anemia

A

Encourage iron-rich foods
Iron supplementation
Blood transfusion when severe (hgb <8 and symptomatic)

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4
Q

Iron Rich Foods:

A

red meat, egg yolk, green leafy vegetables

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5
Q

Most common thrombocytopenia in childhood
Cause unknown – may be autoimmune in nature

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

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6
Q

Transmitted genetically via autosomal recessive gene (both parents must have gene)
cell trait is heterozygous form of disease

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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7
Q

Signs & symptoms
All organs may be affected
Vaso-occlusion (PAIN!)
Weakness, pallor, fatigue, tissue hypoxia, jaundice

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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8
Q

Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

newborn screening

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9
Q

Nursing Care for Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • Treatment of hypoxic episodes
  • Good hydration
  • Early ID of complications
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10
Q

X-linked deficiency of factor VIII or IX
Males affected, females are carriers
Prolonged Bleeding

A

Hemophilia

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11
Q

deficient factor VIII (A Hemophilia)

A

classic hemophilia

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12
Q

deficient factor IX

A

Christmas disease (B hemophilia)

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13
Q

One of the most common inherited bleeding disorders
Transmitted via autosomal dominant inheritance
Deficiency of vWF
Variable clinical manifestations – prolonged bleeding

A

Von Willebrand’s Disease

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14
Q

Nursing Care of Von WIllebrand’s Disease

A

DDAVP – increases plasma vWF and factor VII
Administer FFP
Medical alert bracelet
Increased risk for hemorrhage

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15
Q

(natural)-example-skin, mucous membranes

A

Innate

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16
Q

(active)-exposure to diseases or immunized

A

Adaptive

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17
Q

(acquired)-antibodies transferred from mom to baby via breastmilk

A

passive

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18
Q

Tears, urine, vaginal secretions, mucous, and semen
Flow out from the body and carry out unwanted intruders

A

Mechanical Barrier

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19
Q

acidic secretions of stomach and digestive enzymes
Neutralize organisms taken into the body through the mouth

A

Chemical Barrier

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20
Q

First exposure – chicken pox; Second exposure – Shingles; same virus

A

Varicella Zoster

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21
Q

S&S of Varicella Zoster

A
  • Cutaneous Vesicular lesions
  • Follow a nerve pattern
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22
Q

Nursing Care for Varicella Zoster:

A
  • Decrease itching (calamine lotion)
  • Decrease pain (Acetaminophen)
  • Give Acyclovir (Antiviral medication)
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23
Q

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Also known as “the kissing disease” (common among adolescents and young adults)

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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24
Q

S&S: Cervical lymphadenopathy, chills, fever, HA, anorexia, malaise, enlarged spleen

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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25
Q

Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis:

A
  • monospot
  • EBV titer
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26
Q

Nursing Care of Infectious Mononucleosis:

A

No splenic palpation to avoid rupture
No contact sports for 6 weeks (again, splenic rupture possible)
Rest, fluids, decrease fever, and isolate during acute phase

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27
Q

Eradicated since 1995
Signs and symptoms
Lesions produce pus
Chills, fever, headache, and vomiting

A

Small POX

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28
Q

Nursing Care for Small Pox:

A
  • Implement isolation
  • Give antibiotic to prevent secondary infection
  • Give vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG)
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29
Q

Infants have natural yeast in their mouths – this is an overgrowth d/t immature immune systems
Signs and symptoms
White plaques on the surface of tongue and buccal membranes
Pain – poor feeding

A

Candida Albicans

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30
Q

Nursing Care for Candida Albicans (oral thrush)

A
  • Maintain nutrition
  • Give nystatin (administer with gloved finger using a swab; administer after feedings)
  • Educate parents about prevention – pacifiers, bottle nipples
  • If breastfeeding, mom will need topical nystatin for her nipples
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31
Q

circular bald spot on scalp

A

Tinea Capitis

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32
Q

Athletes Foot

A

Tinea Pedis

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33
Q

Jock Itch

A

Tinea Cruris

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34
Q

Ringworm

A

Tinea corporis

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35
Q

What do you use to treat Fungal Infections?

A

Tinea Capitis - Oral griseofulvin (Fulvicin)

Pedis, Cruris, Corporis - clotrimazole (Lotrimin)

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36
Q

Microbe is dead; however, can still induce antibioties

A
37
Q

Microbe is alive but grown under special conditions to decrease virulence

A

Live Vaccines

38
Q

Portion of the virus/bacterium for best results

A

Subunit Vaccines

39
Q

Viral infection of the nervous system caused by rhabdoviridae lyssavirus
Spread by direct contact with saliva or brain tissue of an infected animal
Fatal if inadequately or untreated in humans

A

Rabies

40
Q

Signs and symptoms
Generalized flu symptoms (malaise, fever, sore throat)
Alternations in mental status, Seizures, Hyperexcitability
Respiratory arrest

A

Rabies

41
Q

Nursing Care for Rabies

A
  • Clean wound
  • Administer Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG)
  • Administer Rabies vaccine series (HDCV)
42
Q

Spread by mosquitoes – they become infected by biting birds

A

West Nile Virus

43
Q

Signs and symptoms
Headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, eye pain, lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash
Rare – encephalitis, meningitis

A

West Nile Virus

44
Q

Multisystem chronic autoimmune disorder of the blood vessels and connective tissue
Cause unknown – genetics vs. triggers?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

45
Q

Signs and symptoms
Variable, fever, malaise, chills, fatigue, weight loss
As disease progresses: butterfly rash, arthritis, photosensitivity, serositis, proteinuria, immune/hematological involvement

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

46
Q

Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

4 or more of the symptoms, labs

47
Q

Nursing Care for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A
  • Manage pain and inflammation – NSAIDS, immunosuppressants
  • Treat symptoms
  • Prevent complications
48
Q

Signs and symptoms
Involves few or multiple joints, limping, favoring a particular joint, pain, uneven growth, swelling, loss of motion, and stiffness

A

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

49
Q

type of JIA that affects knees, ankles, elbows

A

Pauciarticular

50
Q

Type of JIA that involves joints/internal organs, high fever, polyarthritis, rheumatoid rash

A

Systemic JIA

51
Q

type of JIA that involves 5 or more joints

A

Polyarticular

52
Q

Selectively targets and destroys T cells – leaving patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

53
Q

Signs and symptoms
Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic diarrhea, FTT, oral thrush, skin infections, fevers, recurrent respiratory infections & neurological involvement

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

54
Q

Diagnostic Testing for HIV:

A

ELISA, Western Blot, & PCR

55
Q

Group of diseases in which there is out-of-control growth and spread of abnormal cells (anaplasia)

A

Cancer

56
Q

3 Factors of Cancer

A
  • External stimuli or environment
  • Viruses that alter the immune system
  • Chromosomal and gene abnormalities
57
Q

Slow, limited, noninvasive growth

A

Benign Tumor

58
Q
  • Progressive virulent growth
  • Solid tumors
  • Systemic cancers
A

Malignant Tumor

59
Q
  • Arise from primitive embryonic tissue (environmental link)
  • Cure rate is better
  • Cancers affect stem cells in kids, epithelial cells in adults
  • More aggressive and faster growing
A
  • Respond more readily to chemotherapy and radiation
  • Treated at major cancer centers in the United States
  • More resilient
  • Tolerate more aggressive therapy
  • Less concurrent physiological problems
60
Q
  • Most common type of cancer in children
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Fever, fatigue, lethargy, anemia, pale skin, anorexia, and bone or joint pain
  • Increased WBC
A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

61
Q

Nursing Care for ALL

A
  1. Remission - induction
  2. Consolidation
  3. Maintenance – lasts for 2-3 years after diagnosis
62
Q

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms resembling the flu, anemia, pallor, fatigue, bone pain, fever, headache or dizziness, petechiae, easy bruising, nosebleeds, or bleeding gums
Increased WBC

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

63
Q

Nursing Care for AML

A
  • Administer multi-agent chemotherapy
  • Discuss hematopoietic stem cell transplant
  • Matched-sibling bone marrow or stem cell transplantation after remission
64
Q

Supratentorial Brain Tumor

A

Supratentorial (anterior 2/3 of brain)

65
Q

Intratentorial Brain Tumor

A

Intratentorial (posterior 1/3 of brain)

66
Q

Signs and Symptoms
Depends on the tumor location, tumor type, and the age of the child
Obstruction of CSF drainage leading to ICP
Neurological changes

A

Brain Tumor

67
Q

Originates from neural crest cells
Signs and symptoms
Wide variety depending on site of primary tumor
Upon palpation, tumor crosses midline; hard painless mass in neck or abdomen

A

Neuroblastoma

68
Q

Originates in the kidney (nephroblastoma)
Signs and Symptoms
hematuria, hypertension, painless abdominal mass that seldom crosses midline

A

Wilm’s Tumor

69
Q

Bone tumor - usually occurs in the metaphysis

A

Osteosarcoma

70
Q

most common sites for osteosarcoma

A

long bones and legs

71
Q

S&S: pain & swelling, limp

A

Osteosarcoma

72
Q
  • Bone tumor - highly malignant
  • Most common sites are pelvis, arms, legs, and ribs

Signs & symptoms

  • Similar to osteosarcoma
A

Ewing’s sarcoma

73
Q

Tends to involve the lymph nodes
Non-acute in nature
Signs and symptoms
Painless, firm, cervical, or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

A

Hodgkin’s Disease (HD)

74
Q

Typically a disease of the tissues
No single focal origin
Rapid onset and widespread involvement
Signs and symptoms
Pain or swelling (abdomen, chest, and head/neck)

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

75
Q

Long-Term Effects of Chemotherapy

High-tone hearing loss
Loss of speech
Impaired depth perception
Increased response time
Lung problems (SOB)
Kidney problems (bleeding)
Musculoskeletal defects

A

Functional and/or mobility deficits
Hormonal abnormalities
Sterility
Growth retardation, cognitive impairment, and/or learning disabilities
Diabetes insipidus
Peripheral neuropathy

76
Q

Negative Effects of Chemotherapy

A
  • N&V
  • Alopecia
  • Extravasation
  • Mucositis
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
  • Anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Neutropenia
77
Q

condition for three months or longer is

A
78
Q

Impact of the Chronic Condition on the Infant

A

-alters bonding process

(soothe, distract, protect nap time)

79
Q

Impact of the Chronic Condition on the Toddler:

A
  • Unable to accomplish Autonomy
  • Hindered gross and fine motor development
  • stress and regression present

(praise for attempts at self-care, bond)

80
Q

Impact of the Chronic Condition on the Preschooler

A
  • feels punished for wrongdoing
  • aggressive, regresses
  • Withdraws, sleep problems

(allow expression of fears and frustrations)

81
Q

Impact of the Chronic Condition on the School-Age Child

A
  • alters autonomy and peer relationships
  • interrupts independence
  • may refuse to comply, reluctant to answer questions

(unstructured play as outlet)

82
Q

Impact of Chronic Condition on the Adolescent

A
  • Maladaptive coping behaviors
  • Refuses treatments
  • Easily overwhelmed and may show regression
  • Worries about condition, self-esteem, identity, and family
83
Q

Impact of the Chronic Condition on the Sibling

A
  • May display a negative attitude toward the ill sibling
  • Feelings of jealousy, embarrassment, resentment, loneliness, and isolation
  • Thinks that they caused the condition or may acquire the condition too

(keep homelife routined, include sibling in care, provide info about ill child)

84
Q

follows a medical model, in-hospital care

A

palliative care

85
Q

holistic approach; focuses on quality of life, variety of settings

A

hospice care

86
Q

end of life is about 6 months away; peaceful death without pain, setting is wherever pt and family desire it to be

A

end-of-life care

87
Q

(a waxing and waning of respiration in the depth of breathing with regular periods of apnea)

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations (physical sign of impending death)

88
Q
  • Loss of sensation
  • Loss of ability of body to maintain thermoregulation: skin may feel cool
  • Loss of bowel and bladder function
  • Loss of awareness, consciousness, and slurring of speech
  • Alteration in respiratory status
A

Recognition of Physcial SIgns of Impending Death

89
Q
  • Cheyne–Stokes respirations (a waxing and waning of respiration in the depth of breathing with regular periods of apnea)
  • Noisy chest or respirations with the accumulation of fluid in the lungs or in the posterior pharynx
  • Decreased, weak, or slow pulse rate and drop in blood pressure
A

Recognition of Physcial Signs of Impending Death

Nur 4410 Peds Exam #1 (4 decks)

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