Unit I Flashcards
moving towards well-being and away from disease and pathology
Enabling patients to be good health consumers
nursing goal
nursing process
- assess
- diagnose
- determine
- conceptualize
- evaluate
Examines the family structure including family problems, and cultural characteristics that many impact the nursing care.
the evolving family
a new self-identity
creating shared time together in order to build the relationship
Beginning Families
- Begins at conception
- Seeking prenatal care
- Family teaching needs may include sleep pattern disturbance,
- Feeding/changing/caring for a newborn
Childbearing stage
Injury prevention is important. Be alert for signs of abuse
Preschool stage
Personal values are shaped . Teaching about drugs & sex
school-age/adolescent stage
Brings family back full circle
Launching. middle age& retirement stage
Asserts that emotional problems results from the way people interact with each other on the context of the family
communication theory
Roles, goals, & power structure are inherent family concepts along with the division of household chores, & expectations (5stages)
Group Theory
describes the beginning phase of the group, usually occurs through marriage or cohabitation
forming
the disordered time of confusion or chaos when two or more distinct personalities discover their differences
Storming
describes how groups (or families) adjust to individual members by applying rules and procedures that the members agree to obey
norming
the ideal stage in which the group accomplishes their goals and produces results
performing
represents the final stage in a group when it has accomplished its goals and disbands to possibly form a different group (death, divorce, leave the family to begin their own)
adjoourning/terminating
- Useful in identification of family problems
- Family members can break away from traditions of family of origin
- Birth order
Family Systems Theory
Enforces absolute rule
Authoritarian
Allows children to make their own decisions & gives them control over their environment
permissive
A combination of both authoritarian and permissive
Tend to meet the child’s needs best of all styles
Authoritative
Calorie Requirements for Preemies
125-155/kcal/kg/d
Calorie Requirements for Infant
105kcal/kg/d
Calorie Requirements for Toddlers:
90-100 kcal/kg/d
Calorie Requirements for Children
80-90kcal/kg/d
Calorie Requirements for Adolescence:
2100-2200 cal/d for females
2700-2800 cal/d for males
Anti-infective, anti-diabetic, AgA, anti-allergenic, always ready, right temp, less risk of contamination, sufficient to sustain first 4-6 months of life…and is FREE!!
Benefits of human milk
- 4 As of Breast Feeding
- Alignment with mother & breast
- Areolar position- good latch-on to breast-nipple
- Areolar compression-tugging, pulling on breast non-painful
- Audible swallow
normal weight gain of neonates (birth-3months)
30grams/day, regain birth weight by 10-14days of life
normal weight gain of infants (3months-1yr)
20grams/day, double birth weight by 4months of age, triple by one yr
normal weight gain of children (2yr-puberty)
2kg/yr, 2in/yr
1-4 months:
breast or formula only
4-6 months:
cereals added
6-7 month:
vegetables added
8-9 months:
start finger foods
9 months:
add meat & liquids from a cup
10 months:
cooked food
12 months:
whole egg, cows milk, table foods
Newborns to 6months growth needs
- Gain 15-30g/d
- no juice or water
- breastfeed or formula only
- Newborns are good at self regulation
- Preemies need pacing
- Sleep 15-20hrs in 2-3 hr increments
6-12 months growth needs
- decrease growth velocity to 2 oz./wk
- need proteins, fruit & vegetables
- Teething begins at 7 months usually ends by age 3
- Sleep 9-14hrs with 2-2hrs naps/d…naps may decrease
Toddlers Growth Needs
- Sit at table with family
- Keep on a schedule
- Water or milk in a cup
PreSchoolers Growth Needs
- Structure meal times & snacks
- Watch meal time behaviors
- Time out if acting out or miss a meal
- If they don’t eat at meal time—wait until next meal time. They will learn
School Age Growth Needs
- Keep positive atmosphere
- No need for supplements unless anorexic
- Advise 2-3 glasses of low fat/skim milk per day
- Encourage Physical activity (60 minutes/d) & limit TV hours (no more than 2 hr/d)
- Don’t use food as a reward
- Encourage nutritious snacks
- Encourage health family eating patterns
Adolescent Growth Neeeds
- Body image issues
- Encourage physical activity
- Discourage dieting
- Watch intake of soda & junk food
- Reinforce health attitudes toward food & nutrition
- Eat 500-1800 cal of non-nutritious food & still get what they need
- Very rapid growth
- Higher energy requirements
- Need more protein & calcium
Types of Play
Solitary - Infant
Parallel play - Toddler
Associative play - Preschooler
Cooperative - School-age, Adolescent
Psychosexual development
Freud; Id, Ego, & Superego
Psychosexual development Stages:
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage
Erik Erikson
Focused on the influence of social interaction
Psychosocial development
Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
The bond or emotional/physical connection that develops between child & caregiver
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth:
Phases of attachment
- Phase I: Initial preattatchment
- Phase II: attachment in the making
- Phase III: Clear-cut attachment
- Phase IV: Goal-corrected partnership
Thinking & learning for the child takes places through 4 stages:
Cognitive Theory, Piaget
lasts from birth to approximately age two and is centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world. An infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities.
sensorimotor
important accomplishment at sensorimotor stage:
object permanence
a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be seen or heard
object permanence
a period between ages two and six during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people.
preoperational
age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
concrete operational
one of the most important developments during the concrete operational stage of development
reversibility
age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.
formal operational
important ways of thinking developed in formal operational stage of cognitive development
logic, abstract-thought, problem solving
Newborn and Infant Reflexes
Rooting, sucking, moro, Grasping & babinski
Recognize smell long before visual recognition
Vision is least developed
Smell & taste developed in utero
Touch is most important sense for this age
Sensory development for what age:
newborn & infant
physical development at 3 months
gross motor skills
physical development at 6 months
sitting up
physical development at 8 months
crawl
physical development at 12 months
walk/fine motor skills develop
Cognitive Develpoment of Newborn & Infant
- Separation
- Object permanence
- Mental representation
Physical development of toddler (1-3 years)
slowed down allowing for rapid development of other skills
Cognitive Development of Toddler (1-3years)
- loves to imitate
- learn through repitition
Language development of Toddler (1-3years)
short concise phrases, easy to understand
Toddlers are going to have:
Tantrums
Physical Development of Early Childhood (3-6yrs)
- Much more agile
- hand dominance is developed
Cognitive Development of Early Childhood (3-6yrs)
Egocentric
Language Development of Early Childhood (3-6yrs)
- Sentence formation
- Keep answers simple and avoid giving to much information
Physical Development of School age child (7-12yrs)
- development of axillary sweating
- puberty begins to occur - Tanner Staging
Cognitive Development of School age child (7-12yrs)
- Use of logical thinking
- Builds on experiences & begins to recognize consequences of actions
- Memory deepens and improves
Laguage development of school-age child (7-12yrs)
expands vocabulary and uses words correctly
Physical Development of Adolescents
- Period of growth Is extremely fast
- Second largest growth spurt next to infancy
- Tanner Staging
Cognitive Development of Adolescents
- Able to think abstractly , solve problems & form hypothesis
- Beginning to be concerned with philosophy, morality & social issues
Language of Adolescents
- highly developed
- speak and write correctly
p 668 Developmental Milestones- Fair game on quiz and final!
VS for infant
- HR: 80-150
- RR:25-55
- SBP:65-100
- DBP:45-65
VS for Toddler
- HR: 70-110
- RR:20-30
- SBP:90-105
- DBP:55-70
VS for Preschooler
- HR: 65-110
- RR:20-25
- SBP:95-110
- DBP:60-75
VS for School age
- HR: 60-95
- RR:14-22
- SBP:100-120
- DBP:60-75
VS for Adolescent
- HR: 55-85
- RR:12-18
- SBP:110-125
- DBP:65-85
