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Cell And Molecular Biology > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

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1
Q

The DNA itself as first identified by

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

Friedrich Miescher first called DNA as

A

Nuclein

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3
Q

He named the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)

A

Phoebus Lavene

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4
Q

He named the other DNA molecules, and develop the Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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5
Q

They won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1962

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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6
Q

He discovered the process of transformation

A

S. Griffith

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7
Q

It is a process where a chemical substance from dead cells can transform living cells

A

Transformation

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8
Q

They showed that dna is the substance that transforms bacteria

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty

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9
Q

They provided the evidence that dna is the genetic material of T2 page

A

Hershey and Chase

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10
Q

Hershey and chase uses E. coli and phage in a experiment called

A

Blender experiment

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11
Q

He is initially a nuclear physicist who developed the x-ray diffraction work on rams sperm and dna form.

A

Maurice Wilkins

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12
Q

He is a grad student will have Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

A

Raymond Gosling

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13
Q

He arranged for a 3-year research fellowship i thought fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory

A

J.T. Randall

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14
Q

An english physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert

A

Rosalind Franklin

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15
Q

Rosalind Franklin discovered two forms of DNA

A

“A” form (Dehydrated)
“B” form (Hydrated)

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16
Q

He solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkins’ x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA.

A

Alec Stokes

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17
Q

It is the image pointed to a helical structure of B form of DNA

A

Photograph 51

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18
Q

What approach did James Watson and Francis Crick do to build the structure of DNA

A

Model Building Approach

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19
Q

He is an American chemist, biochemist, and peace activist. His greatest contribution to science includes the discovery of alpha helix.

A

Linus Pauling

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20
Q

Linus Pauling proposed a ___________ with a sugar phosphate backbone core and nucleic acid bases facing outward.

A

3-Chain Helix

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21
Q

He is an Australian chemist, who pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids.

A

Erwin Chargaff

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22
Q

Who took the definitive pictures of DNA using X-rays

A

Rosalind Franklin

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23
Q

The name given to the shape of DNA is

A

Double Helix

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24
Q

Which scientists built a 3-D model of the DNA double Helix

A

Watson and Crick

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25
Q

The sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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26
Q

The DNA monomers are called

A

Nucleotide

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27
Q

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called

A

Replication

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28
Q

Chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called

A

Genes

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29
Q

It stores the directions for making protein

A

Gene

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30
Q

What are the three simple molecular parts of a nucleotide monomer

A

Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

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31
Q

Two strands of the helix run in opposite directions

A

Antiparallel Orientation

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32
Q

The nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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33
Q

This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

A

Complementary base pairing

34
Q

Why does the Adenine and Thymine are pairs?

A

Adenine and Thymine each have one donor and one acceptor

35
Q

Why does cytosine and guanine are pairs?

A

Cytosine has one donor and two acceptor and Guanine has one acceptor and two donors

36
Q

Replication produces two identical dna double helixes each with one new and one old strand. This means that dna replication is

A

Semiconservative

37
Q

What do you call when a strand has old and new strands

A

Dispersive strand

38
Q

Replication always starts at the specific locations on the dna

A

Origins of replication

39
Q

In E. coli origin is about ______ base pairs long

A

245

40
Q

Is the Y-shaped structures forming replication bubbles

A

Replication forks

41
Q

It is the experiment where they proved that DNA replication is semiconservative

A

Meselson-Stahl experiment

42
Q

It unwinds parental double helix at replication fork

A

Helicase

43
Q

It relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and the rejoining dna strand

A

TopoIsomerase

44
Q

Binds to and destabilizes single-stranded dna until it is used as a template

A

Single-strand binding protein

45
Q

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’end of leading strand and that 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

A

Primase

46
Q

Using parental dna as a template, synthesizes new dna strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

A

DNA pol III

47
Q

Removes rna nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and places them with DNA nucleotides. Corrects the primers

A

DNA pol I

48
Q

Joins okazaki fragments of lagging strand on leading strand, joins 3’ end of dna that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

A

DNA Ligase

49
Q

It removes the nucleotides from 5’ to 3’

A

Exonuclease

50
Q

What are the importance of dna replication

A
  1. Makes an exact copy
  2. DNA must be replicated every time a cell divides
  3. Ensures that the correct genetic information is passed on from cell to cell and generation to generation
  4. Errors in replication can cause mutation does replication is high fidelity
  5. It is essential for the continuation of life
51
Q

What are the components of rna

A

Ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases

52
Q

What are the process of rna synthesis or transcription

A

Initiation stage
Elongation stage
Termination stage
Addition of 5’ and 3’ poly A tail
Intron Splicing

53
Q

It is the origin or recognition site to start the rna synthesis

A

Promoter region

54
Q

It is used to synthesize an rna segments

A

RNA polymerase

55
Q

It is the stage where the rna polymerase slides along the template dna strand

A

Elongation stage

56
Q

This is where the rna polymerase dissociates

A

Termination stage

57
Q

It is the protein coding regions

A

Exons

58
Q

It is the protein non-coding regions

A

Introns

59
Q

They are added to the both ends of the rna

A

5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail

60
Q

It is a complex made up of protein and RNA, that removes introns

A

Spliceosome

61
Q

This process produces polypeptide

A

Translation

62
Q

How many codons is there in the genetic code

A

64

63
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG (Methionine)

64
Q

What are the stop codon

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

65
Q

What are the stages in translation process

A

Initiation stage
Elongation process
Termination stage

66
Q

It receives the incoming amino acid

A

A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)

67
Q

This is where the peptide bond between amino acid formed

A

P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)

68
Q

It is the exit site of uncharged tRNA

A

E-site

69
Q

This is where the elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons

A

Termination stage

70
Q

What are the gene repairs

A

Base mismatches and mismatch repair
Base excision repair
Nucleotide excision repair

71
Q

What are the two mechanism for double-strand break

A

Homologous recombination
Non-homologous end joining

72
Q

It uses undamaged template to repair enzyme interlace

A

Homologous recombination

73
Q

What are the application of cell and molecular biology

A

Cell and tissue culture
Dna-based technologies

74
Q

It refers to the removal of cells, tissues or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into artificial environment conductive to growth.

A

Tissue culture

75
Q

It is the removal of cells from a mammal or an animal and the subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment

A

Cell culture

76
Q

It is the sequencing, analysis and cutting-and-pasting of DNA

A

DNA technology

77
Q

What are the uses of information in gene expression

A

Gene information describing the crop penology
Prediction of crop growth status under stress
Evaluation of the effects of fertilizers

78
Q

It is used to add, remove or alter DNA in the genome

A

Genome editing

79
Q

What are the uses of genetic engineering

A

Plant protection
Molecular design breeding
Quality improvements

80
Q

What are the common dna markers

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism
Random amplified polymorphic dna
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
Single sequence repeats, single tandem repeat, microsatellite

81
Q

It is an in vitro process which aims to make many copies of dna region

A

Polymerase chain reaction

82
Q

Application of dna marker analysis in rice researches

A
  1. Gene mapping, cloning and marker-assisted breeding
  2. Cultivar identification and analysis of seed purity
  3. Evaluation of germplasm resource

Cell And Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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