Unit IV Flashcards
The DNA itself as first identified by
Friedrich Miescher
Friedrich Miescher first called DNA as
Nuclein
He named the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)
Phoebus Lavene
He named the other DNA molecules, and develop the Chargaff’s rule
Erwin Chargaff
They won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1962
James Watson and Francis Crick
He discovered the process of transformation
S. Griffith
It is a process where a chemical substance from dead cells can transform living cells
Transformation
They showed that dna is the substance that transforms bacteria
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty
They provided the evidence that dna is the genetic material of T2 page
Hershey and Chase
Hershey and chase uses E. coli and phage in a experiment called
Blender experiment
He is initially a nuclear physicist who developed the x-ray diffraction work on rams sperm and dna form.
Maurice Wilkins
He is a grad student will have Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Raymond Gosling
He arranged for a 3-year research fellowship i thought fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory
J.T. Randall
An english physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin discovered two forms of DNA
“A” form (Dehydrated)
“B” form (Hydrated)
He solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkins’ x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA.
Alec Stokes
It is the image pointed to a helical structure of B form of DNA
Photograph 51
What approach did James Watson and Francis Crick do to build the structure of DNA
Model Building Approach
He is an American chemist, biochemist, and peace activist. His greatest contribution to science includes the discovery of alpha helix.
Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling proposed a ___________ with a sugar phosphate backbone core and nucleic acid bases facing outward.
3-Chain Helix
He is an Australian chemist, who pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids.
Erwin Chargaff
Who took the definitive pictures of DNA using X-rays
Rosalind Franklin
The name given to the shape of DNA is
Double Helix
Which scientists built a 3-D model of the DNA double Helix
Watson and Crick
The sugar found in DNA
Deoxyribose
The DNA monomers are called
Nucleotide
Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called
Replication
Chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called
Genes
It stores the directions for making protein
Gene
What are the three simple molecular parts of a nucleotide monomer
Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Two strands of the helix run in opposite directions
Antiparallel Orientation
The nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by
Hydrogen bonds
This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome
Complementary base pairing
Why does the Adenine and Thymine are pairs?
Adenine and Thymine each have one donor and one acceptor
Why does cytosine and guanine are pairs?
Cytosine has one donor and two acceptor and Guanine has one acceptor and two donors
Replication produces two identical dna double helixes each with one new and one old strand. This means that dna replication is
Semiconservative
What do you call when a strand has old and new strands
Dispersive strand
Replication always starts at the specific locations on the dna
Origins of replication
In E. coli origin is about ______ base pairs long
245
Is the Y-shaped structures forming replication bubbles
Replication forks
It is the experiment where they proved that DNA replication is semiconservative
Meselson-Stahl experiment
It unwinds parental double helix at replication fork
Helicase
It relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and the rejoining dna strand
TopoIsomerase
Binds to and destabilizes single-stranded dna until it is used as a template
Single-strand binding protein
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’end of leading strand and that 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
Primase
Using parental dna as a template, synthesizes new dna strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand
DNA pol III
Removes rna nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and places them with DNA nucleotides. Corrects the primers
DNA pol I
Joins okazaki fragments of lagging strand on leading strand, joins 3’ end of dna that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA
DNA Ligase
It removes the nucleotides from 5’ to 3’
Exonuclease
What are the importance of dna replication
- Makes an exact copy
- DNA must be replicated every time a cell divides
- Ensures that the correct genetic information is passed on from cell to cell and generation to generation
- Errors in replication can cause mutation does replication is high fidelity
- It is essential for the continuation of life
What are the components of rna
Ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
What are the process of rna synthesis or transcription
Initiation stage
Elongation stage
Termination stage
Addition of 5’ and 3’ poly A tail
Intron Splicing
It is the origin or recognition site to start the rna synthesis
Promoter region
It is used to synthesize an rna segments
RNA polymerase
It is the stage where the rna polymerase slides along the template dna strand
Elongation stage
This is where the rna polymerase dissociates
Termination stage
It is the protein coding regions
Exons
It is the protein non-coding regions
Introns
They are added to the both ends of the rna
5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail
It is a complex made up of protein and RNA, that removes introns
Spliceosome
This process produces polypeptide
Translation
How many codons is there in the genetic code
64
What is the start codon
AUG (Methionine)
What are the stop codon
UGA, UAG, UAA
What are the stages in translation process
Initiation stage
Elongation process
Termination stage
It receives the incoming amino acid
A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
This is where the peptide bond between amino acid formed
P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)
It is the exit site of uncharged tRNA
E-site
This is where the elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons
Termination stage
What are the gene repairs
Base mismatches and mismatch repair
Base excision repair
Nucleotide excision repair
What are the two mechanism for double-strand break
Homologous recombination
Non-homologous end joining
It uses undamaged template to repair enzyme interlace
Homologous recombination
What are the application of cell and molecular biology
Cell and tissue culture
Dna-based technologies
It refers to the removal of cells, tissues or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into artificial environment conductive to growth.
Tissue culture
It is the removal of cells from a mammal or an animal and the subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment
Cell culture
It is the sequencing, analysis and cutting-and-pasting of DNA
DNA technology
What are the uses of information in gene expression
Gene information describing the crop penology
Prediction of crop growth status under stress
Evaluation of the effects of fertilizers
It is used to add, remove or alter DNA in the genome
Genome editing
What are the uses of genetic engineering
Plant protection
Molecular design breeding
Quality improvements
What are the common dna markers
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Random amplified polymorphic dna
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
Single sequence repeats, single tandem repeat, microsatellite
It is an in vitro process which aims to make many copies of dna region
Polymerase chain reaction
Application of dna marker analysis in rice researches
- Gene mapping, cloning and marker-assisted breeding
- Cultivar identification and analysis of seed purity
- Evaluation of germplasm resource
