Unit II Flashcards
In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from 20 percent in ______ to 85 percent in ______
Bones, braincells
How many percent of human body weight is water?
70 percent
H2O molecules form _______ with each other
H-bonds
True of False
Hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen
False
Oxygen is more
The oxygen end of water molecule has a _____________, while hydrogen end has a _______________.
Partial Negative
Partial Positive
What are the properties of water
Cohesion and Adhesion
Good Solvent
Lower density as a solid
High Specific heat
High heat of vaporization
H bonding between H2O molecules
Cohesion
Cohesion forms ________
Surface tension
H bonding between H2O and other substances
Adhesion
Adhesion creates ________
Capillary action
What makes water to be a good solvent
It’s polarity makes H2O a good solvent
Why is “ice floats” important?
Explain
What is seasonal turnover of lakes
Sinking cold Walter cycles nutrients in autumn. Warm water sinks and mixes
Why does high Specific heat of water important?
Water moderates temperatures on Earth
Compounds that are made out of Hydrocarbons
Organic Compounds
Active ingredient in the most widely used insect repellants, effective against mosquitos, fleas and ticks
DEET (N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide)
Other examples of Organic Compounds
Polyethylene
Methane (CH4)
DNA
What are the four classes of biological macromolecules
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid
It is a very very large molecules
Macromolecules
Other elements that can be found in macromolecules
Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorus and Sulfur
Polymers are made up of
Monomers
It is the simple sugar
Monosaccharide
Main source of energy of the body
Carbohydrates
The main product of photosynthesis
Glucose
What are the 3 monosaccharide?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the 3 Disaccharide
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Sucrose is made out of
Glucose + Fructose
Lactose is made out of
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose is made out of
Glucose + Glucose
Long term storage for energy
Complex Carbohydrates
Made out of glucose polymers
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers
Starch
Starch can be found in
Grains (corn, wheat, rice etc.)
Tubers (potatoes)
A test used to detect starch
Iodine test
A glucose polymers that offers support for plants. It makes up the cell wall and a food source for seeds and plant bulbs.
Cellulose
A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers. It serves as long term energy storage found in the liver.
Glycogen
It insulates the body to maintain the normal body temperature and acts as cushion to the internal organs for protection
Glycogen
Examples of lipids
Oils
Butter
Margarines
It is made up of fatty acid monomers
Fat
Glycerol group with 3 fatty acid chains
Triglycerides
Functions of Proteins
membrane component
Antibodies
Enzymes
Non-steroid hormones
Structural Molecules
“MEANS”
Examples of Proteins
Hair, Skin, and Nails
Types of Protein Structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
Insulin
A condition when a person has high blood glucose
Diabetes
Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Hemoglobin
When foreign organisms enters the body, __________ find the invader and stick themselves into it.
Antibodies
Speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.
Enzymes
It makes the enzymes reusable and molecule specific.
Lock and key model
Factors affecting enzyme activity.
Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substance concentration
Two types of nucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the monomer of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
DNA is the “________”
Information molecule
Chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called
Genes
It stores the directions for making protein
Genes
Each gene is further divided into three nucleotides sub-segments, called
Codons
Each nucleotide monomer is built from three simple molecular parts:
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases
Bonds that join one dna nucleotide to another.
Phosphodiester bonds
Reaction where two smaller molecules are joined chemically by removing elements.
Dehydration synthesis
It is the DNA orientation and is important for the copying of DNA.
Antiparallel orientation
Nucleotides form in each dna strand are connected by
Hydrogen bonds
This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome.
Complementary base pairing
It replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses
RNA
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A type of RNA that carries DNA message to ribosomes.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
It makes up ribosomes-protein factories of the cell.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
In RNA the nitrogenous base Thymine (T) becomes
Uracil (U)
