Unit III (9-13)- The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is provided by what nerves

A

Vagus nerve

Pre-ganglionic fibers of of the recurrent laryngeal n.

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the heart is provided by what nerves

A

Cardiac nerves that originate from the cervicothoracic/middle and 1st few thoracic ganglion

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3
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a P-wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

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4
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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5
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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6
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a QT interval?

A

Ventricular contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a PR interval?

A

Atrial contraction and relaxation

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8
Q

What does S1 sound represent?

A

Lub - Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

Usually occurs at the end of QRS complex

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9
Q

What does S2 sound represent?

A

Dub - Closure of semilunar valves

Usually occurs at the end of T wave

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10
Q

What does S3 sound represent?

A

Early ventricular filling

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11
Q

What does S4 sound represent?

A

Atrial contraction

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12
Q

At what stage of the cardiac cycle do gallop sounds occur?

A

Diastole

low frequency in dogs; higher frequency in cats

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13
Q

What pathology is usually associated with S3 sounds?

A

DCM

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14
Q

What pathology is usually associated with S4 sounds?

A

HCM

pushing blood into a stiff non compliant ventricle

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15
Q

What do systolic clicks represent?

A

Primary AV valve prolapse

(usually higher amplitude, just as loud or louder than S1 and S2) would occur between S1 and S2

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16
Q

What do split sounds represent?

A

Delay between closure and opening of valves
S1 - Mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - semilunar valves

17
Q

ECG paper speed of 25mm/sec

1 small box = ___

A

0.04 seconds

18
Q

ECG paper speed of 50mm/sec

1 small box = ___

A

0.02 seconds

19
Q

ECG paper speed of 25mm/sec

30 big boxes x ____ = beats per pen

20
Q

ECG paper speed of 50mm/sec

30 big boxes x ____ = beats per pen

21
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of sinus block? sinus arrest?

A

Abrupt pause in rhythm
Block - 2x longer than the previous R-R interval
Arrest - more than 2x longer than previous R-R interval

22
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of atrial standstill?

A

No P waves

23
Q

What diseases are associated with atrial standstill?

A

Hyperkalemia

Atrial fibrosis - english springer spaniels, old english sheepdogs

24
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of 1st degree AV block?

A

Prolonged P-R interval

There is a P for every QRS

25
What are the causes of 1st degree AV block?
increased vagal tone - resting and digestion
26
What are the ECG characteristics of 2nd degree AV block Type 1?
Gradually prolonged PR interval | P without QRS complex
27
What is the cause of 2nd degree AV block Type I?
High vagal tone
28
What are the ECG characteristics of 2nd degree AV block Type 2?
Fixed P-R interval | P without a QRS
29
What are the causes of 2nd degree AV block Type 2?
AV nodal disease (myocarditis, tumors, age related fibrosis) | more likely to go into 3rd degree AV block
30
What are the ECG characteristics of 3rd degree AV block?
Complete dissociation between P and QRS complex
31
What is the mechanism behind atrial tachycardia?
increased automaticity of ectopic foci with re-entry
32
What are the ECG characteristics of atrial tachycardia?
Abnormal P wave morphology | Normal QRS complex with regular R-R interval
33
What is the mechanism behind atrial fibrillation?
Micro-reentry
34
What are the ECG characteristics of atrial fibrillation?
No P waves Irregularly irregular of R-R interval Normal QRS complex
35
What is the mechanism behind atrial flutter?
Macro-reentry
36
What are the ECG characteristics of atrial flutter?
Flutter waves - saw tooth appearance to the baseline Regular R-R interval Normal QRS complex
37
A VPC with positive deflection originates from what side?
Right
38
A VPC with negative deflection originates from what side?
Left