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Embryology > Unit III > Flashcards

Unit III Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the tilaminar disc do the kidneys develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What is the smallest area of The mesoderm?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the intermediate mesoderm continuous with?

A

Periaxial

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4
Q

What happens at the nephrotome stage?

A

The intermediate mesoderm looses contact with the periaxial mesoderm.

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5
Q

After the nephrotome stage, the solid mass of cells gets ___________ _____. This is then called the _________ __________.

A

Hollowed out

nephritic tubule

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6
Q

Branches from the aorta will push into the _________ _________. There are called the __________ _________

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

External glomerulus

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7
Q

The aortic branches that push into the top of the nephritic tubule is called the…?

A

Internal glomerulus

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8
Q

What happens to the external glomerulus?

A

It disappears with no adult derivatives.

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9
Q

First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Lateral:
Will see a dilated area called the ________ _______, which is a round shaped structure

A

Nephrotic duct

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10
Q

First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Intermediate:
Will see the continuation with the ________ ________

A

Nephric tubule

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11
Q

First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Medial:
A cap that is a precursor to ________ ________

A

Bowman’s Capsules

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12
Q

Bowman’s Capsule goes all the way around the ________ ________. It will then _______ ____ until it rounds out at the ____.

A

Internal glomerulus
narrow out
Duct
Bowman’s Capsule

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13
Q

Stage 1 of 4 of kidney development:

A

Pronephros

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14
Q

Approx what is the timeframe of the pronephros stage, and what happens? What are the adult derivatives?

A

Around beginning of week 4 until the end of week 4. Still in nephrotome stage.
Body is practicing Kidney development.
There are no adult derivatives.

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15
Q

Stage 2 of 4 of Kidney Development:

A

Mesonephros

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16
Q

When does the mesonephros develop?

A

Just as the pronephros kidney is dying off.

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17
Q

Stage 3 of 4 of kidney development:

A

Mesonephric kidney develops and loses contact with the periaxial mesoderm.

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18
Q

What forms after the mesonephric kidney develops and loses contact with the periaxial mesoderm?

A

Mesonephric tubule. And mesonephric duct.

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19
Q

Between mesonephric tubule and mesonephric duct, which one is the only one to persist?

A

Mesonephric duct

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20
Q

Stage 4 of 4 of kidney development.

A

Will see metanephros kidney

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21
Q

Which of the kidneys that form will be the adult kidney?

A

Metanephros

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22
Q

True/False:

There is no time where we will see two sets of kidneys at once, even for short period

A

False

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23
Q

How does the kidney move from the pelvis up to the appropriate area?

A

It doesn’t. As the body elongates, the kidneys stay in the same place. It only looks as though the kidneys move.

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24
Q

_______ are the filtering part of the kidney, found in the ________ ________. They are made up of ________ _______.

A

Nephrons
Metanephros kidney
Bowman’s Capsule

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25
Q

What does a nephron contain?

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Loop of Henle

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26
Q

The second part of the adult kidney is called the _________ ______. This is an outgrowth of the ________ ______, and acts as a ____________ ____ ____ _____.

A

Ureteric bud
Grows from the mesonephric duct
Acts as a transporter of the urine

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27
Q

Adult derivatives of the ureteric bud (4 structures):

A

Minor culyx
Major culyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter

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28
Q

2 parts of the adult kidney:

A

Metanephros (filtering) and ureteric (transport)

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29
Q

Kidney of the fetus is:

A

Functional

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30
Q

Where does the embryo poop and pee?

A

Amniotic sac

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31
Q

What happens to the toxic fluids in the amniotic sac?

A

Mom’s blood filters it out

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32
Q

For bladder development:

Urorectal septum will mitose and grow towards the __________ _________

A

Cloacal membrane

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33
Q

From the cloacal, a ______ ________ develops. This will rupture and become the _______ _______

A

Urogenital membrane

Urethral opening

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34
Q

From top to bottom, what are the 2 parts of the urogenital sinus that go for both male and female?

A

1- A large dilated area that grows and rounds out.
Becomes the urinary bladder.
2- A narrow section that will have two sections (pelvic and genital)

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35
Q

Where does the pronephros develop?

A

In the throat

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36
Q

Where does the mesonephros develop?

A

In the thorax/abdomen

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37
Q

The mesenephros begins as a ______ of structures, which will eventually _______ into ______ ______ _____

A

series
collapse
one large kidney

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38
Q

The genital portion of the UG sinus:

A

Opens up to the UG membrane

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39
Q

For males, what does the pelvic portion of the UG sinus give rise to?

A

prostatic and membranous urethra

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40
Q

The prostatic urethra will have an _______ and give rise to the ________.

A

outgrowth

prostate

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41
Q

For males, what does the genital portion of the UG sinus give rise to?

A

The penile urethra

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42
Q

The lower part of the urinary system is derived from:

A

Cloaca/endoderm

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43
Q

For females, what happens to the pelvic and genital portions of the US sinus?

A

They both become the urethra

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44
Q

______ _____ will attach to the posterior portion of the bladder.
As the bladder grows this will be pulled into it.

A

mesonephric duct

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45
Q

The mesonephric duct will form the:

A

Trigon

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46
Q

What is the trigon?

A

The sensory part of the bladder. Tells us when our bladder is full.

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47
Q

The trigon derives from the _____-

A

Mesoderm

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48
Q

The detrusor muscle (AKA ____ ______ of the bladder), derives from the

A

Endoderm

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49
Q

SRY gene is found on

A

short arm of the Y chromosome

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50
Q

SRY gene codes for

A

Testis Determining Factor (TDF)

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51
Q

Genital ridge originates from the _________, and develops on the ______ side of the _______ kidney

A

mesoderm
medial
mesonephric

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52
Q

2 populations of cells found in the genital ridge

A

Support Cells

Hormone producing cells

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53
Q

The ________ ____ ____ develop in the yolk sac, then walks to the genital ridge, and are moved by _____ _____.

A

primordial germ cells

amiboid actions

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54
Q

Primordial germ cells walk to develop:

A

uncommited gonad (cannot determine if male or female)

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55
Q

If SRY gene is present:
Primordial Germ Cells become:
Hormone producing cells become:
Support cells become:

A

Sperm cells
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells

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56
Q

If SRY gene is NOT present:
Primordial germ cells become:
Hormone producing cells become:
Support cells become:

A

Egg cells
Thecal cells
Follicle cells

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57
Q 
Route of the primordial germ cells: 
They originate in \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ portion of the yolk sac.
Then migrate to behind the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
then cross over the \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Then into the \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

posterior superior
hindgut
dorsal mesentary
genital ridge

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58
Q

What does the connective tissue covering the genitals do?

A

Primarily dilates the structural ridge

also produces the septa

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59
Q

Septa develops into:

A

Sex cords

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60
Q

If SRY gene present:
CT will become ______ _____ (to ______ the testis)
Sexcords become the ______ _____

A

tunica albugenea–protect

seminiferous tubules

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61
Q

When do the seminiferous tubules open up and form a lumen?

A

during puberty in the presence of mature sperm cells.

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62
Q

If NO SRY gene:
CT _____ ____.
Sex cords ____ __ and form the ____ ____.

A

remains thin

break up— egg nest

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63
Q

Testis produce ____ ____ ____ which comes from the sertoli cells

A

mullerial inhibitory factor

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64
Q

2 duct systems are forming in male and female:

A

Mesonephric duct

and paramesonephric duct

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65
Q

Males primary duct is _____ ____

while the _____ ___ disappears

A

mesonephric duct

paramesonephric duct

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66
Q

Females primary duct is ______ _____

while the ______ _____ disappears

A

Paramesonephric duct

mesonephric duct

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67
Q

In males, before the paramesonephric duct disappears, it will give rise to:

A

Appendix testis
appendix epididymis
Prostatic utricle

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68
Q

In females, the param. duct forms 3 parts (bilateral):

A

1- Vertical section
2- horizontal section
3- 2nd vertical section

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69
Q

The first vertical section:

A

fuses together and will become the uterus

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70
Q

The horizontal and 2nd vertical sections become the:

A

uterine tubes

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71
Q

The posterior portion of the UG sinus will mitose and become the ______ ___

A

sinovaginal buld

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72
Q

Once the sinovaginal bulb and the parame.duct become 1 solid mass….

A

programmed cell death will occur to form the vagina

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73
Q

The lower part of the vagina is derived from the

A

mesoderm

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74
Q

the upper part of the vagina is derived from the

A

endoderm

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75
Q

Genital tubricle

A

Single midline structure from the surface epithelium

76
Q

Genital folds

A

Raised surrounding the UG opening

77
Q

Genital swellings

A

Lateral to the folds. Not as raised, although wider than the folds

78
Q

For males:
Genital tubricle becomes:
Genital folds become:
Genital swellings become

A

Glands penis (head of penis)
shaft of penis
scrotum

79
Q

Raph

A

fine of fusion where the genital folds met

80
Q

For females:
Genital tubricle becomes:
Genital folds become:
Genital swellings become

A

Clitoris
Labia minora
labia majora

81
Q

Space between the genital folds is called

A

vestibule

82
Q

(T/F)

The scrotum is homogulous to the labia majora

A

True`

83
Q

Lungs develop from

A

endoderm

84
Q

2 major respiratory developmental events

A

Organogenesis

Differenciation

85
Q

Organogenisis of respiratory development

A

Where the resp system really develops

86
Q

Differenciation of respiratory development

A

specialized cells and tubes are introduced

87
Q

5 stages of respiratory development

A 
1- embryonic 
2- Pseudoglandular
3-Canulicular
4-Saccular
5-Alveolar
88
Q

Embryonic stage of respiratory development

A

Where lungs first start to form.
An outgrowth of the foregut
Will see trachea and bronchi develop here

89
Q

Pseudoglandular stage of respiratory development

A

airsacs develop at end of the tubules.

Avoili look serous

90
Q

Canulicular stage of respiratory development

A

Tubes develop as solid stuctures and open up to form a lumen

91
Q

Saccular stage of respiratory development

A

little structures open up. Surfactant also seen here.

92
Q

Alveolar stage of respiratory development

A

Alveola are introduced. THIS STAGE CONTINUES AFTER BIRTH!

93
Q

Lungbud grow off of the ________ and moves and grows ________

A

foregut

anterior

94
Q

Split between esophagus and trachea

A

esophageal tracheal septum

95
Q

in _____ bronchi, the right side has _____ ___, while the left side has _____ _____

A

secondary
three lobes
two lobes

96
Q

Tertiary bronchi form the _________ ______

A

bronchopulmonary segments

97
Q

smaller tubes from the bronchi are called ______ ______ __ _____. Here, there is no ____ ____.

A

Conducting zone of the lung

gas exchange

98
Q

When and where does gas exchange take place

A

Canulicular stage

in the resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and teh aveolar sacs.

99
Q

Surfactant is resp for

A

Decreasing surface tension in the lung, making gas exchange more efficient.

100
Q

2 major cell types in the cell

A

Type 1 pneumocyte

Type 2 pneumocyte

101
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

thin squamous cells that exchange gas

102
Q

Type 2 pneumocyte

A

cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

103
Q

Four different sources that form the diaphragm

A

Mesentary of esophagus
Thoracic body wall growths
Septum transverse
Pleuroperitoneal membrane

104
Q

Mesentary of esophagus

A

layer of ct that holds various pieces in place

105
Q

thoracic body wall growths

A

where the muscle comes from

106
Q

Septum transverse

A

large structure CT that forms the central tendon. This develops by itself from the mesoderm

107
Q

Pleuroperitoneal membrane

A

part of the perietal peritoneum

108
Q

Osteocytes are all associated with ________ _____.

A

Protein synthesis

109
Q

Bone is originally _____ and allow for ____.

A

Soft

Diffusion

110
Q

What causes the bone to harden?

A

Osteoclasts take on calcium and phosphate

111
Q

Mesenchyme differenciates into _________ which will form _______

A

Chondrocytes

Cartilage

112
Q

Cartilage relays on _______ to get blood and nutrients

A

Diffusion

113
Q

Osteocytes synthesize _______

A

Protein

114
Q

Two types of bone development:

A

intramembranous

and endochondral

115
Q

Intramembranous Development is the development of

A

Flat bones such as the skull

116
Q

Endochondral development is the development of

A

Long bones, like limbs

117
Q

In intramembranous development, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _____, which will then transform into ______.

A

Osteoblasts

osteocytes

118
Q

Osteoblasts take on ______ and ______ to harden

A

Calcium and phospate

119
Q

What happens the the osteocytes once the bone hardens?

A

They go from cuboidal shaped to star shaped. They reach out and touch each other, while one is touching a capillary, which will then transfer blood and nutrients.

120
Q

In endochondral development, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _______, which then form __________, which is ________

A

Chondrocytes
cartilage
avascular

121
Q

Endochondral development: How does the cartilage ossify?

A

Cartilage eventually is vascularized. Blood vessel brings osteoblasts along with it, which will create osteocytes and eventually calcify

122
Q

Bone utilizes cartilage to grow called ______ ______.

A

Epiphyseal plates

123
Q

2 major parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium and Visocranium

124
Q

What does the neurocranium form?

A

Bones that surround the brain

125
Q

What does the visocranium form?

A

Facial bones- primarily from the pharyngeal arches.

126
Q

Superior portion of the skull, around the brain:

A

Intramembranous

127
Q

Base of the skull

A

Cartilaginous- endochondral

128
Q

Soft spots, AKA:

A

Fontanelles

129
Q

Purpose of Fontanelles:

A

To allow the skull to collapse when being pushed out of the vaginal canal

130
Q

The vertebral column develops from the:

A

Paraxial mesoderm (most medial part of the mesoderm)

131
Q

The paraxial mesoderm forms 42-44 pairs of ______, which has 3 derivatives. Name the three.

A

somites

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

132
Q

Dermatome is the most _____ part of the somites and forms:

A

Superficial

Forms the dermis of the skin.

133
Q

Myotome develops:

A

paraxial muscle

134
Q

Sclerotome develops:

A

The vertebrae

135
Q

To develop the vertebra, the sclerotomes must first ______, then ___ with the one above

A

split

fuse

136
Q

Once the sclerotomes fuse with the superior ones, they will the move _____ to

A

medially to fuse with the adjacent pair

137
Q

1 vertebra is the result of _____ (number) sclerotome

A

4

138
Q

The sternum is developed from the:

A

Somatic mesoderm

139
Q

To form the sternum, you first have:

A

2 circular masses and 2 elongated masses

140
Q

The 2 elongated masses that form the sternum are called:

A

Sternal bars

141
Q

In sternum development, the 2 circular masses fuse and form:

A

The manubrium of the sternum

142
Q

Name the 2 parts of the thoracic TVP

A

True TVP

and costal process (outer, anterior portion)

143
Q

How do the ribs develop?

A

They grow from the costal process of the TVP

144
Q

Ribs develop from: (trilaminar disc)

A

Paraxial mesoderm

145
Q

Primary inducer of the limb development

A

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

146
Q

The bones and connective tissue of the limbs derives from:

A

Mesoderm

147
Q

The AER induces the ______, and causesmesenchyme cells to differenciate into: (4 cell types)

A

mesoderm

osetoblasts, fibroblasts, myoblasts and chondroblasts.

148
Q

Mitoses in the limbs begins in the:

A

Progress zone

149
Q

The thumb develops _____, while the little finer develops ______.

A

Laterally

medially

150
Q

The lower limb rotates _______, causing the big toe to be _____.

A

inward

medial

151
Q

Axial muscles develop from the:

A

Paraxial mesoderm

152
Q 
Number of somites in
Occipital
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
and coccygeal
A 
4 occipital
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
8-10 coccygeal
153
Q

As development continues, what somites dissapear?

A

1st occipital

5-7 coccygeal

154
Q

Which part of the somite forms the axial muscles?

A

myotome

155
Q

Each mytome separates into _____, which is dorsal, and ______, which is ventral

A

epimere

hypomere

156
Q

The hypomere form:

A

Ventral trunk muscles like the abdominal muscles

157
Q

The epimere form:

A

Back axial muscles like erector spinalis

158
Q

What are the hypomere innervated by?

A

Ventral ramus of the spinal nerve

159
Q

What are the epimere innervated by?

A

Dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve

160
Q

In the AER, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _______.

A

Myoblast

161
Q

2 areas of limb development:

A

Ventral, AKA preaxial

and Dorsal AKA Postaxial

162
Q

The preaxial and postaxial are separated by:

A

CT Septum

163
Q

In the upper limb, the flexors are formed by _____, while the extensors are formed by _____.

A

preaxial

postaxial

164
Q

In the lower limb, flexors are formed by ______, while the extensors are formed by the _______.

A

postaxial

preaxial

165
Q

Why the the preaxial and postaxial have different roles in the upper and lower limbs?

A

This is due to the rotation of th lower limbs.

166
Q

The nervous system develops from the:

A

Ectoderm

167
Q

What happens that causes the formation of the neural plate? What induces this?

A

Surface ectodermal cells go from being flattened to columnar. Induced by the notochord

168
Q

How is the neural groove formed?

A

The neural plate expands and starts to fold inward

169
Q

Once the grooves of the neural groove meet, the ___ ____ is formed

A

neural tube

170
Q

During the 4th week of development, the cranial end will _____ to form the:

A

dilate

3 vesicle brain

171
Q

3 vesicle brain consists of:

A

Prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

172
Q

In the 5 vesicle brain, the prosencephalon creates the

A

telencephalon and the diencephalon

173
Q

In the 5 vesicle brain, the mesencephalon creates the

A

mesencephalon

174
Q

In the 5 vesicle brain, the rhombencephalon creates the

A

metencephalon and the myencephalon

175
Q

The telencephalon forms the

A

Cerebrum

176
Q

The diencephalon forms the

A

thalamus

177
Q

The mesencephalon forms the

A

midbrain

178
Q

the metencephalon forms the

A

pons and cerebellum

179
Q

the myencephalon forms the

A

medulla

180
Q

What flexure is at the midpoint of the mesencephalon?

A

Cephalic flexure

181
Q

What separates the mesencephalon and the metencephalon?

A

Rhombencephalic isthmus

182
Q

What separates the metencephalon and the myencephalon?

A

pontine flexure

183
Q

What separates the myencephalon and the spinal cord?

A

cervical flexure

184
Q

2 major layers of the neural tube

A

Mantle layer and marginal layer

185
Q

The mantle layer is made up of _____ _____, and becomes the _____ matter of the CNS

A

cell bodies

grey

186
Q

What are the 2 plates of the mantle later, and what structures do they form?

A

1- Dorsal alar plates (sensory structures)

2- Ventral basal plates (motor structures)

187
Q

The marginal layer is made up of ______, and forms the ___ matter of the CNS

A

axons

white

Embryology (4 decks)

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