Unit III Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Which part of the tilaminar disc do the kidneys develop from?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
2
Q
What is the smallest area of The mesoderm?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
3
Q
What is the intermediate mesoderm continuous with?
A
Periaxial
4
Q
What happens at the nephrotome stage?
A
The intermediate mesoderm looses contact with the periaxial mesoderm.
5
Q
After the nephrotome stage, the solid mass of cells gets ___________ _____. This is then called the _________ __________.
A
Hollowed out
nephritic tubule
6
Q
Branches from the aorta will push into the _________ _________. There are called the __________ _________
A
Splanchnic mesoderm
External glomerulus
7
Q
The aortic branches that push into the top of the nephritic tubule is called the…?
A
Internal glomerulus
8
Q
What happens to the external glomerulus?
A
It disappears with no adult derivatives.
9
Q
First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Lateral:
Will see a dilated area called the ________ _______, which is a round shaped structure
A
Nephrotic duct
10
Q
First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Intermediate:
Will see the continuation with the ________ ________
A
Nephric tubule
11
Q
First 3 parts you will see from the internal glomerulus lateral to medial.
Medial:
A cap that is a precursor to ________ ________
A
Bowman’s Capsules
12
Q
Bowman’s Capsule goes all the way around the ________ ________. It will then _______ ____ until it rounds out at the ____.
A
Internal glomerulus
narrow out
Duct
Bowman’s Capsule
13
Q
Stage 1 of 4 of kidney development:
A
Pronephros
14
Q
Approx what is the timeframe of the pronephros stage, and what happens? What are the adult derivatives?
A
Around beginning of week 4 until the end of week 4. Still in nephrotome stage.
Body is practicing Kidney development.
There are no adult derivatives.
15
Q
Stage 2 of 4 of Kidney Development:
A
Mesonephros
16
Q
When does the mesonephros develop?
A
Just as the pronephros kidney is dying off.
17
Q
Stage 3 of 4 of kidney development:
A
Mesonephric kidney develops and loses contact with the periaxial mesoderm.
18
Q
What forms after the mesonephric kidney develops and loses contact with the periaxial mesoderm?
A
Mesonephric tubule. And mesonephric duct.
19
Q
Between mesonephric tubule and mesonephric duct, which one is the only one to persist?
A
Mesonephric duct
20
Q
Stage 4 of 4 of kidney development.
A
Will see metanephros kidney
21
Q
Which of the kidneys that form will be the adult kidney?
A
Metanephros
22
Q
True/False:
There is no time where we will see two sets of kidneys at once, even for short period
A
False
23
Q
How does the kidney move from the pelvis up to the appropriate area?
A
It doesn’t. As the body elongates, the kidneys stay in the same place. It only looks as though the kidneys move.
24
Q
_______ are the filtering part of the kidney, found in the ________ ________. They are made up of ________ _______.
A
Nephrons
Metanephros kidney
Bowman’s Capsule
25
What does a nephron contain?
Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
| Loop of Henle
26
The second part of the adult kidney is called the _________ ______. This is an outgrowth of the ________ ______, and acts as a ____________ ____ ____ _____.
Ureteric bud
Grows from the mesonephric duct
Acts as a transporter of the urine
27
Adult derivatives of the ureteric bud (4 structures):
Minor culyx
Major culyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
28
2 parts of the adult kidney:
Metanephros (filtering) and ureteric (transport)
29
Kidney of the fetus is:
Functional
30
Where does the embryo poop and pee?
Amniotic sac
31
What happens to the toxic fluids in the amniotic sac?
Mom’s blood filters it out
32
For bladder development:
| Urorectal septum will mitose and grow towards the __________ _________
Cloacal membrane
33
From the cloacal, a ______ ________ develops. This will rupture and become the _______ _______
Urogenital membrane
| Urethral opening
34
From top to bottom, what are the 2 parts of the urogenital sinus that go for both male and female?
1- A large dilated area that grows and rounds out.
Becomes the urinary bladder.
2- A narrow section that will have two sections (pelvic and genital)
35
Where does the pronephros develop?
In the throat
36
Where does the mesonephros develop?
In the thorax/abdomen
37
The mesenephros begins as a ______ of structures, which will eventually _______ into ______ ______ _____
series
collapse
one large kidney
38
The genital portion of the UG sinus:
Opens up to the UG membrane
39
For males, what does the pelvic portion of the UG sinus give rise to?
prostatic and membranous urethra
40
The prostatic urethra will have an _______ and give rise to the ________.
outgrowth
| prostate
41
For males, what does the genital portion of the UG sinus give rise to?
The penile urethra
42
The lower part of the urinary system is derived from:
Cloaca/endoderm
43
For females, what happens to the pelvic and genital portions of the US sinus?
They both become the urethra
44
______ _____ will attach to the posterior portion of the bladder.
As the bladder grows this will be pulled into it.
mesonephric duct
45
The mesonephric duct will form the:
Trigon
46
What is the trigon?
The sensory part of the bladder. Tells us when our bladder is full.
47
The trigon derives from the _____-
Mesoderm
48
The detrusor muscle (AKA ____ ______ of the bladder), derives from the
Endoderm
49
SRY gene is found on
short arm of the Y chromosome
50
SRY gene codes for
Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
51
Genital ridge originates from the _________, and develops on the ______ side of the _______ kidney
mesoderm
medial
mesonephric
52
2 populations of cells found in the genital ridge
Support Cells
| Hormone producing cells
53
The ________ ____ ____ develop in the yolk sac, then walks to the genital ridge, and are moved by _____ _____.
primordial germ cells
| amiboid actions
54
Primordial germ cells walk to develop:
uncommited gonad (cannot determine if male or female)
55
If SRY gene is present:
Primordial Germ Cells become:
Hormone producing cells become:
Support cells become:
Sperm cells
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells
56
If SRY gene is NOT present:
Primordial germ cells become:
Hormone producing cells become:
Support cells become:
Egg cells
Thecal cells
Follicle cells
57
```
Route of the primordial germ cells:
They originate in _____ _____ portion of the yolk sac.
Then migrate to behind the _______
then cross over the ______ ______
Then into the _____ ______
```
posterior superior
hindgut
dorsal mesentary
genital ridge
58
What does the connective tissue covering the genitals do?
Primarily dilates the structural ridge
| also produces the septa
59
Septa develops into:
Sex cords
60
If SRY gene present:
CT will become ______ _____ (to ______ the testis)
Sexcords become the ______ _____
tunica albugenea--protect
| seminiferous tubules
61
When do the seminiferous tubules open up and form a lumen?
during puberty in the presence of mature sperm cells.
62
If NO SRY gene:
CT _____ ____.
Sex cords ____ __ and form the ____ ____.
remains thin
| break up--- egg nest
63
Testis produce ____ ____ ____ which comes from the sertoli cells
mullerial inhibitory factor
64
2 duct systems are forming in male and female:
Mesonephric duct
| and paramesonephric duct
65
Males primary duct is _____ ____
| while the _____ ___ disappears
mesonephric duct
| paramesonephric duct
66
Females primary duct is ______ _____
| while the ______ _____ disappears
Paramesonephric duct
| mesonephric duct
67
In males, before the paramesonephric duct disappears, it will give rise to:
Appendix testis
appendix epididymis
Prostatic utricle
68
In females, the param. duct forms 3 parts (bilateral):
1- Vertical section
2- horizontal section
3- 2nd vertical section
69
The first vertical section:
fuses together and will become the uterus
70
The horizontal and 2nd vertical sections become the:
uterine tubes
71
The posterior portion of the UG sinus will mitose and become the ______ ___
sinovaginal buld
72
Once the sinovaginal bulb and the parame.duct become 1 solid mass....
programmed cell death will occur to form the vagina
73
The lower part of the vagina is derived from the
mesoderm
74
the upper part of the vagina is derived from the
endoderm
75
Genital tubricle
Single midline structure from the surface epithelium
76
Genital folds
Raised surrounding the UG opening
77
Genital swellings
Lateral to the folds. Not as raised, although wider than the folds
78
For males:
Genital tubricle becomes:
Genital folds become:
Genital swellings become
Glands penis (head of penis)
shaft of penis
scrotum
79
Raph
fine of fusion where the genital folds met
80
For females:
Genital tubricle becomes:
Genital folds become:
Genital swellings become
Clitoris
Labia minora
labia majora
81
Space between the genital folds is called
vestibule
82
(T/F)
| The scrotum is homogulous to the labia majora
True`
83
Lungs develop from
endoderm
84
2 major respiratory developmental events
Organogenesis
| Differenciation
85
Organogenisis of respiratory development
Where the resp system really develops
86
Differenciation of respiratory development
specialized cells and tubes are introduced
87
5 stages of respiratory development
```
1- embryonic
2- Pseudoglandular
3-Canulicular
4-Saccular
5-Alveolar
```
88
Embryonic stage of respiratory development
Where lungs first start to form.
An outgrowth of the foregut
Will see trachea and bronchi develop here
89
Pseudoglandular stage of respiratory development
airsacs develop at end of the tubules.
| Avoili look serous
90
Canulicular stage of respiratory development
Tubes develop as solid stuctures and open up to form a lumen
91
Saccular stage of respiratory development
little structures open up. Surfactant also seen here.
92
Alveolar stage of respiratory development
Alveola are introduced. THIS STAGE CONTINUES AFTER BIRTH!
93
Lungbud grow off of the ________ and moves and grows ________
foregut
| anterior
94
Split between esophagus and trachea
esophageal tracheal septum
95
in _____ bronchi, the right side has _____ ___, while the left side has _____ _____
secondary
three lobes
two lobes
96
Tertiary bronchi form the _________ ______
bronchopulmonary segments
97
smaller tubes from the bronchi are called ______ ______ __ _____. Here, there is no ____ ____.
Conducting zone of the lung
| gas exchange
98
When and where does gas exchange take place
Canulicular stage
| in the resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and teh aveolar sacs.
99
Surfactant is resp for
Decreasing surface tension in the lung, making gas exchange more efficient.
100
2 major cell types in the cell
Type 1 pneumocyte
| Type 2 pneumocyte
101
Type 1 pneumocyte
thin squamous cells that exchange gas
102
Type 2 pneumocyte
cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
103
Four different sources that form the diaphragm
Mesentary of esophagus
Thoracic body wall growths
Septum transverse
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
104
Mesentary of esophagus
layer of ct that holds various pieces in place
105
thoracic body wall growths
where the muscle comes from
106
Septum transverse
large structure CT that forms the central tendon. This develops by itself from the mesoderm
107
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
part of the perietal peritoneum
108
Osteocytes are all associated with ________ _____.
Protein synthesis
109
Bone is originally _____ and allow for ____.
Soft
Diffusion
110
What causes the bone to harden?
Osteoclasts take on calcium and phosphate
111
Mesenchyme differenciates into _________ which will form _______
Chondrocytes
Cartilage
112
Cartilage relays on _______ to get blood and nutrients
Diffusion
113
Osteocytes synthesize _______
Protein
114
Two types of bone development:
intramembranous
| and endochondral
115
Intramembranous Development is the development of
Flat bones such as the skull
116
Endochondral development is the development of
Long bones, like limbs
117
In intramembranous development, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _____, which will then transform into ______.
Osteoblasts
| osteocytes
118
Osteoblasts take on ______ and ______ to harden
Calcium and phospate
119
What happens the the osteocytes once the bone hardens?
They go from cuboidal shaped to star shaped. They reach out and touch each other, while one is touching a capillary, which will then transfer blood and nutrients.
120
In endochondral development, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _______, which then form __________, which is ________
Chondrocytes
cartilage
avascular
121
Endochondral development: How does the cartilage ossify?
Cartilage eventually is vascularized. Blood vessel brings osteoblasts along with it, which will create osteocytes and eventually calcify
122
Bone utilizes cartilage to grow called ______ ______.
Epiphyseal plates
123
2 major parts of the skull
Neurocranium and Visocranium
124
What does the neurocranium form?
Bones that surround the brain
125
What does the visocranium form?
Facial bones- primarily from the pharyngeal arches.
126
Superior portion of the skull, around the brain:
Intramembranous
127
Base of the skull
Cartilaginous- endochondral
128
Soft spots, AKA:
Fontanelles
129
Purpose of Fontanelles:
To allow the skull to collapse when being pushed out of the vaginal canal
130
The vertebral column develops from the:
Paraxial mesoderm (most medial part of the mesoderm)
131
The paraxial mesoderm forms 42-44 pairs of ______, which has 3 derivatives. Name the three.
somites
Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome
132
Dermatome is the most _____ part of the somites and forms:
Superficial
Forms the dermis of the skin.
133
Myotome develops:
paraxial muscle
134
Sclerotome develops:
The vertebrae
135
To develop the vertebra, the sclerotomes must first ______, then ___ with the one above
split
| fuse
136
Once the sclerotomes fuse with the superior ones, they will the move _____ to
medially to fuse with the adjacent pair
137
1 vertebra is the result of _____ (number) sclerotome
4
138
The sternum is developed from the:
Somatic mesoderm
139
To form the sternum, you first have:
2 circular masses and 2 elongated masses
140
The 2 elongated masses that form the sternum are called:
Sternal bars
141
In sternum development, the 2 circular masses fuse and form:
The manubrium of the sternum
142
Name the 2 parts of the thoracic TVP
True TVP
| and costal process (outer, anterior portion)
143
How do the ribs develop?
They grow from the costal process of the TVP
144
Ribs develop from: (trilaminar disc)
Paraxial mesoderm
145
Primary inducer of the limb development
Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
146
The bones and connective tissue of the limbs derives from:
Mesoderm
147
The AER induces the ______, and causesmesenchyme cells to differenciate into: (4 cell types)
mesoderm
| osetoblasts, fibroblasts, myoblasts and chondroblasts.
148
Mitoses in the limbs begins in the:
Progress zone
149
The thumb develops _____, while the little finer develops ______.
Laterally
| medially
150
The lower limb rotates _______, causing the big toe to be _____.
inward
| medial
151
Axial muscles develop from the:
Paraxial mesoderm
152
```
Number of somites in
Occipital
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
and coccygeal
```
```
4 occipital
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
8-10 coccygeal
```
153
As development continues, what somites dissapear?
1st occipital
| 5-7 coccygeal
154
Which part of the somite forms the axial muscles?
myotome
155
Each mytome separates into _____, which is dorsal, and ______, which is ventral
epimere
| hypomere
156
The hypomere form:
Ventral trunk muscles like the abdominal muscles
157
The epimere form:
Back axial muscles like erector spinalis
158
What are the hypomere innervated by?
Ventral ramus of the spinal nerve
159
What are the epimere innervated by?
Dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
160
In the AER, mesenchyme cells differenciate into _______.
Myoblast
161
2 areas of limb development:
Ventral, AKA preaxial
| and Dorsal AKA Postaxial
162
The preaxial and postaxial are separated by:
CT Septum
163
In the upper limb, the flexors are formed by _____, while the extensors are formed by _____.
preaxial
| postaxial
164
In the lower limb, flexors are formed by ______, while the extensors are formed by the _______.
postaxial
| preaxial
165
Why the the preaxial and postaxial have different roles in the upper and lower limbs?
This is due to the rotation of th lower limbs.
166
The nervous system develops from the:
Ectoderm
167
What happens that causes the formation of the neural plate? What induces this?
Surface ectodermal cells go from being flattened to columnar. Induced by the notochord
168
How is the neural groove formed?
The neural plate expands and starts to fold inward
169
Once the grooves of the neural groove meet, the ___ ____ is formed
neural tube
170
During the 4th week of development, the cranial end will _____ to form the:
dilate
| 3 vesicle brain
171
3 vesicle brain consists of:
Prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
172
In the 5 vesicle brain, the prosencephalon creates the
telencephalon and the diencephalon
173
In the 5 vesicle brain, the mesencephalon creates the
mesencephalon
174
In the 5 vesicle brain, the rhombencephalon creates the
metencephalon and the myencephalon
175
The telencephalon forms the
Cerebrum
176
The diencephalon forms the
thalamus
177
The mesencephalon forms the
midbrain
178
the metencephalon forms the
pons and cerebellum
179
the myencephalon forms the
medulla
180
What flexure is at the midpoint of the mesencephalon?
Cephalic flexure
181
What separates the mesencephalon and the metencephalon?
Rhombencephalic isthmus
182
What separates the metencephalon and the myencephalon?
pontine flexure
183
What separates the myencephalon and the spinal cord?
cervical flexure
184
2 major layers of the neural tube
Mantle layer and marginal layer
185
The mantle layer is made up of _____ _____, and becomes the _____ matter of the CNS
cell bodies
| grey
186
What are the 2 plates of the mantle later, and what structures do they form?
1- Dorsal alar plates (sensory structures)
| 2- Ventral basal plates (motor structures)
187
The marginal layer is made up of ______, and forms the ___ matter of the CNS
axons
| white
