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IB Psychology > Unit II: BLOA > Flashcards

Unit II: BLOA Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature vs Nurture (BLOA)

A

A debate about whether human behavior is the result of biological or environmental factors.

Application: BLOA vs SCLOA

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2
Q

Interactionist

A

BLOA doesn’t rely solely on either nature or nurture

Application: is a more holistic approach- goal of IB

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3
Q

Reductionist

A

BLOA Micro-level of research which breaks down complex behavior into its smallest parts.

Ex: focus on the role of a gene, neurotransmitter, or a protein

Application: it’s important to have detailed knowledge of the components of human behavior to understand how several factors may interact.

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4
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

Application: send electrochemical messages to the brain do people can respond to stimuli

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5
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

Application: neurotransmitters cross the synapse and transmit information from one neuron to the next

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6
Q

Axon

A

Body if the neuron

Application: electrical impulse travels down the axon

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7
Q

Neurotransmission

A

The method by which messages are sent

Application: allows us to react to our environment

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

The body’s natural chemical messengers

Application: transmit information from one neuron to the next

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9
Q

Martinez and Kenser (1991)

A

What is the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on memory? Rats trained to go through a maze, injected with scopolamine, which blocks the acetylcholine receptors. Others injected with physostigmine (prevents the return of the neuron to its resting state). (Control group). Those injected with scopolamine performed the slowest.

Application: acetylcholine producing cells are damaged in the early stages of Alzheimers

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter which effects muscle contraction and has a role in the development of memory in the hippocampus.

Application: IV Martinez and Kesner (1991)

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that effects voluntary movement, learning, and feelings of pleasures.

Application: Without, we would not be able to tell our muscles to move

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12
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

A neurotransmitter which effects arousal, alertness, and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Application: Keeps us safe from danger

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter which effects sleep, arousal levels, and emotion.

Application: sleep

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14
Q

Longitudinally

A

A study carried out over a long period of time.

Application: usually used for case studies of brain damaged patients to observe both short term and long term effects of damage.

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15
Q

Bidirectional (BLOA)

A

Biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology

Application: BLOA and CLOA relationship

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16
Q

Phinenas Gage

A

A case study of a man who had serious damage to his frontal lobe and had a major personality change.

Application: Localization. Previously it was believed that the frontal lobe didn’t do much.

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17
Q

Paul Broca

A

People who suffered damage in the left frontal lobe of the brain were unable to understand and make grammatically complex sentences.

Ex: Tan Application: localization

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18
Q

Aphasia

A

A language disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate.

Ex: Damage to the Broca’s or Wernicke area

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19
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Discovered the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, which involves language comprehension. People could talk but couldn’t understand.

Application: localization

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20
Q

Post-Mortem studies

A

After death studies (BLOA)

Application: allowed Broca and Wernicke to come to the conclusion that language processing is localized.

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21
Q

Localized

A

Origin of behavior can be traced to a specific part of the brain.

Ex: Broca’s area Application: led to the desire to map out the brain’s functions.

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22
Q

Kim and Hirsch (1997)

A

Used fMRI to compare those who were bilingual as children and those who learned a second language later in life. Found that both use Wernickes area the same for both languages, but those who became bilingual later used a different area of Broca’s.

Application: use of technology (fMRI), localization

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23
Q

Heath

A

Found that by electrically stimulating specific parts of the brain of depressed patients, they would experience pleasure.

Ex: B-19 stimulated himself 1500 times Application: localization

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24
Q

Olds

A

Found out that rats were willing to walk across electrified grids to get to the “pleasure lever” which stimulated the nucleus accumbens.

Application: drugs increase dopamine, decrease serotonin- knowledge of this area could help treat drug addicts

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25
Q

Lesioning

A

A type of invasive technique in which brain tissue is scarred in order to study behavioral changes. Ex: Hetherington and Ranson (1942) lesions the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats and they gained weight.

Application: ethics (pain, can’t be reversed, ect.)

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26
Q

EEG

A

Registers patterns of voltage change in the brain

Application: sleep, emotions, epilepsy BUT can’t reveal the deeper brain regions or show function

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27
Q

PET

A

A scan which monitors glucose metabolism in the brain (colored maps of brian activity).

Application: tumors, changed in Alzheimers, comparing brain differences (normal v. psychological disorders: sexes) THINKING

28
Q

fMRI

A

3D picture of the brain structures which she is brain activity and shows which areas of the brain are active while engaging in behavior.

Application: higher resolution than PET, one of the most frequently used technologies in bio psychological research today.

29
Q

Ablation

A

An invasive technique in which part of the brain is removed.

Application: localization, animal research, ethical concerns.

30
Q

Brain plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to rearrange the connections between its neurons.

Ex: Rosenzweif and Bennett (1972) enriched rat cage study

Application: high levels of stimulation can lead to an increase in the density of neural connections.

31
Q

Dendritic branching

A

Dendrites in the neurons grow in numbers and connect with other neurons when we learn something new.

Application: brain plasticity: can only be generalized to humans to some extent b/c can’t do a controlled experiment with humans (and differences in genetic makeup)

32
Q

Gamma waves

A

Waves that have been linked to higher reasoning facilities.

Ex: Davidson (2004)- 8/8 Buddhist monks and 2/10 volunteers had increased gamma waves during mediation. The volunteer’s waves decreased afterwards while the monks did not.

Application: Technology ☝🏼️ (PET scan used), and the brain adapts to stimulation (environment and our own thinking)

33
Q

Mirror neurons

A

A neuron that fired when an animal (or person) performs an action or when the animal observes someone else perform the same action.

Application: may play a role in the ability to learn from and/or emphasize with another person.

Ex: Gallese (1996) crackle from monkey brain when a human reached for a peanut. Generalized to humans with Iacoboni (2004)- looking at human faces with different emotions.

34
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Part of the endocrine system located near the pancreas

Application: Contains adrenaline and cortisol.

35
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone- fight or flight response ad arousal

Application: Keeps us safe

36
Q

Cortisol

A

A hormone- arousal, stress hormone, and memory

Application: IB

37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Part of the endocrine system located in the brain

Application: contains melatonin

38
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone- regulation of sleep

Application: researchers hope to find a solution for insomnia and jet lag

Ex: higher levels contribute to seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A part of the endocrine system located in the brain

Application: contains oxytocin.

40
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone- mother-child attachment, inducing labor contractions and lactation.

Application: will people suffering from social anxiety benefit from doses of oxytocin?

41
Q

Gonads

A

Part of the endocrine system (ovaries and testicles)

Application: contains testosterone and oestrogen.

42
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Part of the endocrine system located in the brain

Application: stimulates the hypothalamus and therefore aids in the process of producing oxytocin.

43
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone

Application: deals with development and emotion

44
Q

Oestrogen

A

Female sex hormone

Application: deals with development and emotion.

45
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

How genetics and the environment contribute to individual variations in human behaviour.

Application: Its the BLOA- duh

46
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Depression may be the result of a “genetic vulnerability” and traumatic environmental stimuli in early childhood.

Application: demonstrates that there is no single cause and effect relationship between genes and behaviour.

47
Q

Correlational studies

A

Establishes there is a relationship between variables, but researcher doesn’t manipulate an IV- cause and effect can’t be determined.

Example: Minnesota Twin Study

48
Q

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

A

Genetically identical. One fertilized egg that splits in two.

Ex: Minnesota Twin Study MZ twins reared together- 86% concordance from intelligence test

49
Q

Dizygotic DZ twins

A

Two eggs. Won’t be any closer genetically than brothers and sisters.

Ex: Minnesota Twin Study DZ twins reared together- 55% concordance from intelligence test

50
Q

Concordance rate

A

Correlation found in twin research

Ex: Minnesota Twin Study (DZ vs MZ reared together vs apart)

51
Q

Family studies

A

Different degrees of genetic relatedness (through generations) compared with behaviour.

Application: more rep. of population; used to study behavioral genetics

52
Q

Selective placement

A

Adoption agencies- place children in families who are similar in as many ways as possible to the natural parents.

Application: why adoptive studies are often criticized- genetic inheritance effects difficult to spectate from influences in the environment.

53
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The statistical synthesis of the data from a set of comparable studies of a problem that yields a quantitative summary of the pooled results.

Example: Bouchard and McGue (1981) reviewed 111 studies from around the world about intelligence.

54
Q

Minnesota Twin

A

Bouchard et. al 1990 MZTs vs MZAs 70 per cent of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance. Pros:

  • mean age 41
  • cross-cultural
  • size of sample

Cons:

  • media coverage to recruit participants
  • ethical
  • no adequate control to establish the frequency of contact between the twins prior to the study
  • MZTs might not have experienced the same environment.
55
Q

Less effort hypothesis

A

Those with higher IQs use less energy to think that those with lower IQs

Application: Intelligence impacts brain function

56
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A

The members of a species who have characteristics which are better suited to the environment will be more likely to breed, and thus to pass on these traits.

Ex: Galapagos islands

57
Q

Adaptation

A

When over several generations, the result of natural selection is that the species develops characteristics that make it more competitive in its environment.

Application: Helps us survive and stuff

58
Q

Frontal Brain Hypothesis

A

Theory that a malfunctioning relationship between the frontal cortex and the limbic system may cause criminal behaviour.

Ex: Antonio Damasio- looked at the effects of brain trauma in children on their later development.

59
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

Errors in thinking (CLOA) Exs: super-optimism, “I think therefore it is”, minimizing

Application: Some argue criminal behaviour is a result of cognitive distortions.

60
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Cornish and Clark (1987)- Criminal behaviour is the outcome of a reasoned decision-making process.

Ex: Supported by Bennett and Wright (1984)- interviewed burglars (risk, financial reward, and ease of entry)

61
Q

Structural Poverty

A

Messner (1988)

  • single parent families
  • low levels of education
  • high IMR
  • Low social mobility

Application: Higher correlation with criminal behaviour than just poverty (SCLOA)

62
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When we are given a label we often live up to that expectation.

Ex: Jahoda (1954)-Children born on Wednesdays are supposed to be aggressive. High number of arrests for boys born on Wednesday.

Application: Possible reason for criminal behaviour (SCLOA).

63
Q

Dendrite

A

Branches that extend from the soma

Application: receive messages

64
Q

Nucleus

A

Soma

Application: controls the neuron

65
Q

Frontal cortex

A

Region in the front of the brain

Application: Serotonin Monk Study Higher levels of serotonin activated the frontal cortex and hypothalamus, resulting in hallucinations.

IB Psychology (7 decks)

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