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Physiology and Biomechanics of Anaerobic Exercise > Unit II > Flashcards

Unit II Flashcards

1
Q

If two forces are applied to an object simultaneously, the ______ vector is a combination of the two

A

resultant

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2
Q

Newton’s third law of motion: “equal & opposite force”
Force straight down results in GRF force straight up
Force against ground backwards and down causes force up and forward

A

Ground Reaction Forces

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3
Q

As we move away from earth’s surface, our weight (mass+gravity) diminishes but never full disappears

Ther is always some fraction of gravitational pull toward the Earth, even in outer space

A

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

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4
Q

Gravity pulls us down causing an acceleration downward at

A

9.81m/s^2

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5
Q

What is the weight equation?

A

Fweight= mass x gravity

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6
Q

How much GRF do we need against gravity for us to not move?

A

enough to bring the net force to zero

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7
Q

____ is the tendency of an object to keep moving

A

momentum

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8
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

M= Mass x velocity

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9
Q

Two people can have similar momentum, even with different mass, provided that the person with less has more ______.

A

velocity

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10
Q

When two object collide, there is a transfer of ____ ____ from one object to another

A

linear momentum

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11
Q

What is an example of the conservation of linear momentum?

A

baseball impact with bat: after impact, bat loses velocity but ball gains it

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12
Q

Describes the amount of time that force is applied to an object

A

Impulse

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13
Q

____ is neccessary to change momentum

A

impulse

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14
Q

What is the equation for impulse?

A

Impulse= Force x Time

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15
Q

What is the equation for impulse in relation to momentum?

A

Impulse= the change in momentum
F x t= m x change in velocity

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16
Q

more time x more force = more impulse means more total change in ______

A

velocity

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17
Q

_____ is the rate at which you develop force

A

RFD

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18
Q

Higher RFD= ___ force generation

A

faster

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19
Q

Lower RFD= ____ force generation

A

slower

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20
Q

High RFD= ___ impulse

A

higher

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21
Q

Low porosity, 5-30% of bone volume is occupied by non-mineralized tissue

A

Cortical bone

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22
Q

high porosity, 30-90% of bone volume is occupied by nonmineralized tissue

A

Trabecular bone

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23
Q

The threshold stimulus that initiates new bone formation

A

Minimal Essential Strain

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24
Q

Goal is to maximize diameter of bone and _____ thickness

A

cortical

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25
Q

MES=

A

1/10th of the force required to fracture bone

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26
Q

Bone adaptation take about____ months to increase BMD

A

6

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27
Q

stronger forces of muscular contraction= more mechanical stress on bone= increase in bone____ and bone ____

A

mass, strength

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28
Q

Which principle to increase bone strength and muscle?

A

Progressive Overload

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29
Q

Which principle is important for BMD increases?

A

SAID

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30
Q

What are the structural exercises that direct the spine and hip?

A

Back Squat
Power clean
Deadlift
snatch
Push jerk
Shoulder press

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31
Q

specificity of _____ is important

A

loading

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32
Q

changing distribution and direction of ___ ___ present a stimulus for new bone formation

A

force vectors

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33
Q

Define stress

A

load or force per unit area

34
Q

define strain

A

deformation that occurs at a point in a structure in response to an externally applied load

35
Q

Cortical Bone can withstand greater ____ but it fracture at __% strain

A

stress, 2

36
Q

Trabecular bone fractures at ___ % strain

A

7.5

37
Q

Define isotropic

A

having a physical property that has the same value when measured in different directions

38
Q

Define anisotropic

A

not having a physical property that has the same value when measured in different directions

39
Q

Both types of bones are ______tropic

A

anisotropic

40
Q

Tension

A

is stress stretching or pulling away

41
Q

compression

A

stress pointed at each other

42
Q

torsion

A

twisting or torque

43
Q

shear

A

from the side and opposing ends

44
Q

bending

A

force are the pointed the same way but there is a fulcrum

45
Q

Why are bones shaped the way they are? (flared out at the ends and tapered in the middle)

A

Increase area of contact (reduces contact stress or pressure)
Reduces weight and moment inertia

46
Q

Why are bones hollow?

A

Reduces Weight
Allow for protected site for marrow and other cellular development
Increases strength in bending (for a given amount of bone material)

47
Q

what are example of reduced load on the body?

A

Bedridden patients
Immobilization
Sedentary people older adults
astronauts

48
Q

Early bone loading and RT in childhood and young adulthood likely results

A

in higher peak BMD

49
Q

RT starting in adulthood and continuing through a lifetime slows

A

BMD loss

50
Q

RT in childhood and through a lifetime probably provides substantial protection against

A

osteoporosis in women and men

51
Q

_____ is a measure of the amount of force applied over a particular distance

A

work

52
Q

The object or athlete moves from one point to another

A

work

53
Q

What is the equation for work?

A

Work=Force x distance

54
Q

Increase in work due to distance results in an increase in _____

A

Impulse

55
Q

Increase in work due to force results in an increase in ___

A

Impulse

56
Q

What kind of work is associated with a concentric muscle action?

A

Positive

57
Q

What kind of work is associated with eccentric muscle action?

A

negative

58
Q

No mechanical work done means what muscle action?

A

isometric

59
Q

What are the equations for power?

A

Power= work/time
Power= f x velocity

60
Q

The ability of a person or object to do mechanical work is

A

energy

61
Q

What are the 3 types of energy

A

Kinetic
Graviational Potential
Strain

62
Q

what is the unit for energy

A

joules

63
Q

What energy is due to the motion of an object

A

kinetic

64
Q

What is equation for KE?

A

ke= 1/2 mass x velocity^2

65
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

M= mv

66
Q

The faster an object is moving, the more the momentum and the more ___ ___ it has

A

Kinetic Energy

67
Q

it is a form of stored energy that results from the acceleration of gravity

A

Gravitational potential energy

68
Q

What is the equation for GPE

A

GPE= mass x gravtiational accerlation (9.81 m/s^2) x height

69
Q

Objects can store ____ energy if they have ability to restore themselves back to their original shape after being deformed

A

strain

70
Q

How much resistance a person can exert against external forces in order to maintain there positioning

A

stability

71
Q

____ is the ability to control the forces that make a person stable

A

balance

72
Q

a person that has control of their stability can manipulate it in a controlled manner has

A

balance

73
Q

Resistance against being moved in a particular direction

A

linear stability

74
Q

more mass = more ____

A

stability

75
Q

___ ____ is resistance against being tilted, tipped over, and upended or spun around

A

rotary stability

76
Q

____ must be applied to cause an object to spin

A

torque

77
Q

increase in size of ___ ___ ___ will increase stability

A

base of support

78
Q

Vertical line that passes through an objects cent of gravity typically centralixed within the base of support to maintain stability

A

Line of gravity

79
Q

____ the center of gravity to increase stability

A

lower

80
Q

___ mass to increase stability

A

increase

81
Q

____ base of support in direction of force being received or applied to increase stability. Allows you to apply force over a longer distance without losing balance

A

extend

82
Q

What are the four ways to manipulate stability

A

Size of base of support
Line of gravity with base of support
Center of gravity
Mass

Physiology and Biomechanics of Anaerobic Exercise (3 decks)

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