UNIT 3 and 4 Flashcards
How do we replenish ATP?
ATP rysnthesis aka Rephosphoraltion
what are the two phosphagen energy systems?
Phopho creatine and Myokinase reaction
Phosphagen systems happen in ____
the cytoplasm
The purpose of the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) is to supply energy for the _____ of ATP
resynthesis
What are the products of the phosphocreatine system?
Creatine, Free energy (ATP), inorganic phosphate
The concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the directions of the reactions
mass action effect
Increase in ADP does what to Pi and CK activity
increase
Increase in ATP does what what to CK activity
decrease
PCr system resynthesizes ATP for about ___ - ___ secs
3-15 seconds
ADP + ADP <=> ATP+AMP
myokinase reaction
_____ is a powerful stimulator of other energy systems
AMP
There needs to be a lot ADP around for this system to happen
myokinae reaction
___ is need for force production in muscle and for relaxation of the muscle
ATP
Rate Limiting Enzyme for Glycolysis
Phoshphofructokinase
Increased AMP, ADP, and Pi mean PFK activity
increases
Increased ATP, PCr, and H+ ___ PFK activity
decrease
_____ compounds give up electrons
oxidized
____ Compound accepts electrons
reduced
What are the two important oxidizing agents
NAD and FAD
NADH oxidizes pryruvate turning it into
Lactic acid or lactate
An increase in muscle lactate concentration….
Decrease muscle pH
Decrease key enzyme activity - Myosin ATPase, CK, PFK, etc.
Decrease Ca++-Troponin binding, crossbridge formation
Decrease muscle force production - fatigue
Lactate removal is done by
uptake/ oxidation by heart, liver, and kidneys
Reduced rate of lactate removal, recruitment of fast twitch-fibers, accelerated glycolysis, low muscle oxygen causes this happen
lactate threshold
Lactic ____ results in muscle fatigue and reduced performance
acidosis
Anaerobic glycolysis last for ___ - ____ min as the ____ energy system
2-3 min, primary
This cycle dumps lactate into the blood and then uptaked by liver then liver turns lactate into pyruvate then to gluconeogenesis
Cori
What is fatigue?
reduces a person’s ability to complete a task due to decreased force, decrease RFD in creased time. exercise induced reduction in muscle performance
What is recovery
the compensation of deficit states of an organisms. the establishment of the initial state
What is is EIMD
Exercise-induced muscle damage aka fatigue
why is knowing fatigue important
Injuries, dropping out, no progression
What are the 4 stages of EIMD?
- Initial
- Autogenic
- Phagocytic
- Regenerative
Describe 1. Initial stage of EIMD
Mechanical: High TENSION
Damage to force-bearing & force-generating structures
Damage to sarcolemma
Damage to SR
Damage to myofibrillar structures
Metabolic Events
High Temp.
Insufficient ATP Production
Free Radical Production
Lowered pH
Describe 2. Autogenic of EIMD
(clean-up crew further breaks down what is broken- proteases, & attracts immune cells)
Describe 3 Phagocytotic Phase
Phagocytic phase (immune cells clean-up bacteria)
Describe 4 Regenerative Phase
Regenerative Phase(cell nuclei & of other satellite cells activate genes for protein synthesis)
What activates Satellite Cells?
Inflammmation
NSAID maybe bad for recovery
NSAIDs (inhibits some benefits of supercompensation during recovery - less protein synthesis and satellite cell activation due to less inflammatory response)
What works as recovery?
Sleep, light massage, nutrition, hydration
What 2 things are needed for a muscle to produce force?
Calcium and energy (ATP)
Reduction in ___ likely has very large role in causing fatigue
Ca++
___ affects amount of total Ca++ release and reuptake
Pi
Increases in ___ affect sensitivity of troponin
Pi
___ ___ decrease Ca++ release and sensitivity
free radicals
___ slows down glycolysis and reduces ATP production
Acidity
What changes would you expect as a result of the Bosco Test?
Reduces How quickly off the ground
Reduces How long you spend in the air (jump height)
Reduces peak force
Reduces muscular preactivation
Reduces average activation during the jump
Increases how long it takes to get from the lowest COM position to off the ground
How are muscles recruited during the 60 second Bosco Test
Type I → Type IIa →Type IIx (think the theory of muscle recruitment), and Type I inevitably take over since Type 2 fades out, Motor units: start recruiting larger pools to increase force production until they fatigue
Why does preactivation go down the longer you jump?
The more the muscle is being used the more it will become fatigued thus power output will begin to decrease (afferent nerves, sensing fatigue, inform CNS to drop rate of motor unit firing, thus decreasing pre-activation)
Adaptation of skeletal muscle to chronic stimuli
Myoplasticity
Adaptations to Strength Training
Increase strength
Increase muscle size
Increase in contractile and regulatory proteins
Increase size and tensile strength of tendons and ligaments
Increase bone mineral content (BMC)
Increase anaerobic biochemical capability
ATP, CrP, muscle glycogen, glycolytic enzymes
Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training
Increased Motor Unit Activation (#)
Increased firing rate (rate coding/freq of activation)
Motor unit synchronization (intra-muscular coordination
Effect of learning (inter-muscular coordination)
Reduced antagonist activation
Disinhibition (GTO)
