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Biology > Unit I Test. > Flashcards

Unit I Test. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the principles of cell theory.

A
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
    -The cell is the basic unit of structure and function
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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2
Q

what did Robert hooke do?

A
  • Discovered the microscopic cavities.
  • observed a wide variety of organisms.
    -coined the term ‘cell’ in a biological context.
    -Led to the understanding of cells as the smallest unit.
    -This led to advances in medical and technological treatment.
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3
Q

What did anton van leuwenhook do?

A

-‘Father of microbiology’ discovered protists and bacteria
-Discovery of single cell organisms.
-Discoveries were widely circulated and opened up a world of microscopic life.
-First to experiment and discover microbes.

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4
Q

What was the spontaneous generation?

A

Living organisms could arise from non living matter and that such a process was regular in nature

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5
Q

Why are embryo cells more beneficial than bone marrow?

A

They are versatile since they can develop into all the cells of the developing fetus.

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6
Q

What are somatic cells?give examples

A
  • Any call of a living organism other than reproductive cells.
  • examples can be skin cells or muscle cells.
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7
Q

How are stem cells implanted and used for treatment?

A
  • Stem alls are grown in a lab
  • they are manipulated to specialise into specific types of cells such as blood cells or nerve cells
    -Stem cells are removed from bone marrow to blood stream using synthetic growth factor.
    -machine collects blood and separates out the stem cells and freezes them
  • stem cells Put in using a drip
  • body recovers over a period of 3-6 months.
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8
Q

Features of a light microscope.

A
  • Uses light rays
  • magnifies x 500
  • low resolution
  • uses dye and stain to create coloured images
  • used for living specimens.
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9
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope.

A

Advantage
- very easy to handle, use and store
- allows us to view a clear image of live samples
-cheap compared to an electron

Disadvantages
- powers limited
-certain specimen can’t be viewed
Lower magnification and resolution compared to an electron

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10
Q

Features of an electron microscope.

A
  • Uses electronbeams
  • magnifies X1500000
  • black and white image
  • kills living specimen
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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an electron microscope

A

Advantage
- powerful magnification and resolution
- improves scientific technology
- industrial application

Disadvantage
- costly preparation
- bulky equipment
-expensive

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12
Q

How do you measure cell size

A
  • Place a stage micrometer on the stage
    -Line up one of the pieces on the eyepiece graticule at a fixed point
  • count number of divisions on eyepiece graticule that correspond with a set measurement on stage micrometer.
    -calculate distance in micrometers of one division on the eyepiece graticule
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13
Q

Magnification formula

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

Millimetre to micrometer = x 1000
1cm = 10mm
1mm = 100 micrometers

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14
Q

Cell wall (plant)

A

Made of cellulose forming a sleeve like network and protects the whole plant

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15
Q

Pits (plant)

A

Pores in the cell walls of the xylem and allows water to enter and leave xylem vessels.

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16
Q

Chloroplast (plant)

A

Double membrane filled with stroma. A continuous network of flattened sacs called thylakoids
Site of photosynthesis as light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and used to trap carbohydrate molecules from H2O and CO2

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17
Q

Vacuole (plant)

A

A membrane bound sac in cytoplasm that contains cell sap. Maintains turgid to ensure a rigid framework.

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18
Q

Tonoplast (plant)

A

Partially permeable membrane to allow small molecules pass through

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19
Q

Amyloplast (plant)

A

Double membrane bound sac containing starch granules which are responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules

20
Q

Plasmodesmata (plant)

A

Microscopic channels which cross the plant walls enabling transport and communication between individual cells.

21
Q

Rough ER (plant)

A

Functions in protein processing.

22
Q

Smooth ER (plant)

A

Synthesises lipids,phospholids as in plasma membrane and steroids

23
Q

Cell membrane (plant)

A

Regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell

24
Q

Golgi apparatus. (Plant)

A

Transports, modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

25
Q

Nucleus (animal)

A

Organelles that contains the DNA and is the control centre of the cell.

26
Q

Ribosome (animal)

A

Amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

27
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (animal)

A

Makes lipids break down drugs and other substances and packages proteins

28
Q

Mitochondrion (animal

A

Breaks down food molecules to make ATP.

29
Q

Golgi apparatus (animal)

A

Transports, modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

30
Q

Lysosome (animal)

A

Organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders

31
Q

Centriole (animal)

A

Organising microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system.

32
Q

Cell membrane (animal)

A

Regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell

33
Q

Nucleolus (animal)

A

Produce and assemble the cells ribosomes The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed

34
Q

Flagellum (bacterial)

A

Allows movement of cell

35
Q

Ribosomes (bacterial)

A

70s in size, consists of two sub units that aren’t surrounded and make protein synthesis

36
Q

Pilus (bacterial)

A

Hair like appendage found on the surface

37
Q

Capsule (bacterial)

A

Slippery layer outside the cell wall

38
Q

Plasmid (bacterial)

A

Small loops of DNA which carry genes

39
Q

Nucleoid (bacterial)

A

Where genetic info can be found and control cellular activity

40
Q

Cell wall (bacterial)

A

They are surrounded by the cell wall made of peptidoglycan and protects and supports.

41
Q

What do plant and animal cells both have

A

-Nucleus
- cell membrane
- mitochondria
-Cytoplasm
- Golgi apparatus
- endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes

42
Q

Gram staining

Fixation

A

Put cell through a Bunsen burner to kill the bacteria and make it stick to the slide.

43
Q

Crystal violet

A

Purple stain to see how much some species of bacteria which enhances the peptidoglycan is present

44
Q

Iodine treatment

A

A morbant to enforce crystal violet

45
Q

Decolourisation

A

Remove crystal violet

46
Q

Counter strain staffanin

A

Stains its inner cells

Biology (2 decks)

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