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Biology > Unit 3 Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What do we need for efficient gas exchange

A
  • Large surface area
  • short distance of diffusion
  • A large concentration difference on opposite sides of the surface.
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2
Q

Endothelial cells

A
  • Specialised type of epithelial cells
  • line the internal surfaces of components of the circulatory system.
  • cans that come into direct contact with your blood
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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Found lining organs and surfaces
  • can be divided into:
    Squamous
    Columnar
    Endothelium
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4
Q

Epithelial simple squamous tissue

A
  • Composed of cells laid together in one layer with the cells tightly connected to one another
  • appearance of thin flat plates
  • form the lining of cavities such as mouth, blood vessels, alveoli and make up outer layers of skin.
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5
Q

COPD

A

-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disease causing long term breathing problems
- main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with mucus production
- it is a progressive disease and worsens over time
- affects mainly middle aged adults who smoke

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6
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Happens when an infection irritates and inflames the air ways causing:
  • excessive mucus production
  • blocked airways
  • difficulty breathing
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7
Q

Emphysema steps

A

1) harmful particles trap in alveoli
2) inflammatory response triggers
3) inflammatory chemicals dissolve alveolar septum
4) large air cavity lined with carbon deposits formed
5) emphysema

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8
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Lung condition caused by a shortness of breath
  • smoking is main cause
  • destruction of alveoli walls
  • they dont empty clearly, creating a buildup of CO2
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9
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Columnar epithelial cells are rectangular in shape and resemble a column.
Surface facing the intestine lumen is usually covered in microvilli, to increase
the surface area.
Located in the stomach lining

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10
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular, exocrine glands that secrete mucus.

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11
Q

Describe the role of the cilia

A

Cilia produce wave like motion and contract, moving foreign bodies up and out of the respiratory system

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12
Q

Endothelial cells

A
  • form from a single cell layer that lines all blood vessels and regulates exchanges between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues.
  • signals from endothelial cells organise the growth and development of connective tissue cells that form the surrounding layers of the blood vessel walls.
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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

-Compromises the heart, blood vessels and blood.
- main function is to transport oxygen, nutrients hormones and waste materials around the body.

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14
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atria and left and right ventricles
It acts as a pump to circulate blood.

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15
Q

Arteries

A
  • Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries).
  • they have thick elastic walls to withstand high pressure
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16
Q

Veins

A
  • Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary veins)
  • have valves to prevent back flow as blood pressure is low.
17
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Smallest blood vessels
    They allow exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and body tissues.
18
Q

Blood circulation

A
  • Systematic circulation- oxygen rich blood is circulated from the left side of the heart to all body tissues and returns as oxygen poor blood to the right side of the heart.
  • pulmonary circulation - oxygen poor blood is moved from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated and returns to the left side of the heart.
19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When plaque builds up inside the walls of the arteries reducing blood flow which can lead to a heart attack / stroke

20
Q

Why is atherosclerosis a risk factor for CHD

A

CHD is caused by fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart
The buildup of atheroma makes arteries narrower restricting blood flow to heart.

21
Q

Muscles.

A

Skeletal:
- muscle attached to bone
- contacts to move bones

Cardiac muscle:
- found only in heart
- not under voluntary control

Smooth:
- found in walls of organs such as stomach and bladder.

22
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • Millions of tiny muscle fibres
  • lined up parallel to each other.
  • grouped into single music fibre which are further grouped into bundles of muscle fibers which are further grouped into muscle tissues.
23
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Parts of the cell membrane that fold inwards and stick to the cytoplasm.
Helps to spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of muscle fibers.

24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A membrane that stores and releases calcium ions that are needed for muscle contraction.

25
Q

Myosin and actin

A

Actin- thin filaments
Myosin- thick filaments globular heads
Z-line - proteins connecting actin fibres
I-band - contains only actin
A-band - anywhere that contains myosin
H-zone - contains only myosin
M-line- proteins connecting myosin fibres
Sacromere - functional unit of the myofibril defined as z line to z-line

26
Q

Fast twitch fibres

A

Used for short bursts of activity because contractions are powerful and quick.

27
Q

Slow twitch fibres

A
  • Used during endurance activities because they contract slowly and can work over long periods
  • these fibers have:
    Large number of mitochondria
    High cons or myoglobin
    Excellent blood supply
28
Q

Myelinated axons

A
  • Axons with a covering of myelin sheath
29
Q

Non-myelinated axons

A

Axons which aren’t protected by myelin sheath.

30
Q

What affects impulse speed.

A

Axon diameter-The greater the diameter ot the axon the faster the impulse travels.
Temperature- the higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the impulse. Temp affects the rate of diffusion of ions across the axon.

31
Q

Myelinated nerve fiber

A
  • Insulated by a myelin sheath
  • white
  • has nodes of ranvier
  • speed of transmission of nerve impulses is high.
  • found in CNS and PNS
  • doesn’t lose impulse during conduction
32
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fiber

A
  • No myelin sheath
  • grey
  • no nodes of ranvier
  • speed is low as no myelin insulations.
  • found in CNS and PNS
  • can lose nerve impulse during conduction
  • short axon nerve fibers are unmyelinated.
33
Q

Action potential

A
  • Electrical signal that travels along an axon when a nerve impulse is transmitted
34
Q

Stages of action potential

A

Resting potential: In its resting state, the inside of a neurone is negatively charged compared to the outside. This is maintained by sodium-potassium pumps and leak channels.

• Depolarisation: When a stimulus reaches a resting neurone,the gated sodium channels in the cell membrane open.Sodium ions rush into the neurone, generating a positive charge inside the cell.

• Threshold: If the potential change reaches a certain level known as the threshold, a full action potential will be initiated. Below this level, no action potential will occur.

• Repolarisation: The sodium channels close, and potassium channels open. Potassium ions rush out of the neuron,returning the cell to its original negative charge.

• Hyperpolarisation and Refractory period: After an impulse has passed, a neurone cannot immediately fire another impulse due to a refractory period where the cell is slightly more negative than at rest (hyperpolarized). This resets the neurone, preparing it for the next impulse.

35
Q

Role of synapses

A
  • When an action potential reaches the end of a neurone, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse
  • synapses connect neurones and help transmit info
36
Q

ECG

A
  • Records rhythm and electrical activity of the heart

P wave- electrical activity during atrial systole.
QRS complex - electrical activity during ventricular systole
T wave - diastole (recovery of ventricular walls)
Q-T interval- contraction time (ventricles contracting)
T-p interval - filling time - ventricles relaxed and filling with blood.

37
Q

Calculate heart rate

A

1) count large squares between peaks
2) multiply 0.2 by the number of squares to get time between beats
3) divide 60 seconds by the time between beats to get bpm

38
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurones in brain release dopamine which carries signals between neurons
The body uses dopamine to create chemicals called norepinephrine and epinephrine
Dopamine levels also influence the bodily functions:
Mood
Sleep
Learning
Movement

39
Q

Seretonin

A

Serotonin is involved in regulating:
- sleep wake cycle
- mood and emotions
-Metabolism and appetite
- hormonal activity
- body Temp
- cognition and concentration

Biology (3 decks)

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