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Practical nursing 102 > Unit I > Flashcards

Unit I Flashcards

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1
Q

Salt follows…

A

water!

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2
Q

low sodium =

A

low potassium and magnesium

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3
Q

Great emphasis is put on sodium and potassium because…

A

imbalances are common and can lead to major cardiac or neurological damage

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4
Q

Causes of F & E imbalances

A

output greater than intake and absorption
output less than intake and absorption
Altered distribution of F & E

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5
Q

Kidney impairment can cause…

A

malfunction in absorption or excretion of water and electrolytes

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6
Q

what can cause extra fluid to be lost due to an increased metabolic rate?

A

fever, stress. thyroid issues, burns, stress, trauma, increased respirations, severe diarrhea, wound drainage

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7
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cell

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8
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells

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9
Q

vascular fluid

A

the fluid inside the blood vessels

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10
Q

normal EFC is

A

isotonic and contains NA+ to hold water in the extracellular compartment

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11
Q

isotonic solution

A

ECF concentration and ICF concentration are equal

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12
Q

hypertonic solution

A

ECF concentration is greater than ICF concentration

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13
Q

hypotonic solution

A

ECF concentration is less than ICF concentration

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14
Q

If ECF is hypertonic it can cause…

A

water to move out of cells therefore, they will dehydrate and shrink

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15
Q

If ECF is hypotonic it can cause…

A

water to be drawn into the cells causing them to swell and burst

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16
Q

When there is not enough sodium-containing fluid in the extracellular compartment it is called

A

Extracellular fluid volume deficit

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17
Q

When there is too much sodium which is drawing in excess fluid it is called

A

Extracellular fluid volume excess

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18
Q

A loss of 2.2 lbs or 1kg within 24 hrs indicates a loss of…

A

1 liter of fluid

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19
Q

A gain of 2.2 lbs or 1 kg within 24 hours indicated a gain of…

A

1 liter of fluid

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20
Q

In older adults, checking skin turgor is _____ a valid indicator of fluid status due to loss of ________.

A

NOT

elasticity

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21
Q

a combination of ECVD and hypernatremia is…

A

Dehydration

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22
Q

The concentrations of NA+ primarily reflects…

A

osmolality

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23
Q

Normal ways of output

A

urine, feces, skin (sweat), or respirations

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24
Q

Abnormal ways of output

A

vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating (diaphoresis)

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25
Q

What is ascites? What is it an example of?

A

ascites is a collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity that occurs during liver failure.
It is an example of third-spacing

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26
Q

Signs of too little volume or extracellular volume deficit

A 
weight loss
skin tenting
dry mucous membranes
flat neck veins when lying flat
vascular underload (rapid thready pulse, orthostatic hypotension, or low BP)
lightheadedness/syncope
low urine output
27
Q

signs of too much volume or extracellular volume excess

A 
weight gain
edema
vascular overload (bounding pulse, distended neck veins when upright)
pulmonary edema
dyspnea
28
Q 
weight gain
edema
vascular overload (bounding pulse, distended neck veins when upright)
pulmonary edema
dyspnea
A

Signs of too much volume or extracellular volume excess

29
Q 
weight loss
skin tenting
dry mucous membranes
flat neck veins when lying flat
vascular underload (rapid thready pulse, orthostatic hypotension, or low BP)
lightheadedness/syncope
low urine output
A

signs of too little volume of extracellular volume deficit

30
Q

Hyponatremia

A 
sodium less than 135
impaired cerebral function
decreased LOC
nausea
seizures
decrease in BP
31
Q 
sodium less than 135
impaired cerebral function
decreased LOC
nausea
seizures
decrease in BP
A

hyponatremia

32
Q

Hypernatremia

A 
sodium greater than 145
impaired cerebral function
decreased LOC
thirst (not always in older adults)
seizures
restrict sodium intake for this patient
33
Q

The main function of sodium in the body

A

body water balance

34
Q 
Signs and Symptoms are:
Low HR
Low BP
Low RR
Decreased DTR
A

HYPERmagnesmia

LOW EVERYTHING

35
Q

Risk factors of HYPERmagnesemia

A

Increased Mg intake;excessive admin of Mg IV, Mg containing antacids or laxatives
Renal Insufficiency

36
Q

Factors contributing to respiratory acidosis

A

COPD, sleep apnea, opioid toxicity, asthma, anesthesia

37
Q

Factors contributing to metabolic acidosis

A

diarrhea, renal disease, small intestine illness/surgery, laxative abuse

38
Q

Factors contributing to respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation, panic, anxiety

39
Q

Factors contributing to metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting, NG tube suctioning, bulimia, renal disease

40
Q

impaired cerebral function, decreased LOC, nausea, seizures, decreased BP. Can occur from heat/sweating,

A

Hyponatremia

41
Q

impaired cerebral function, decreased LOC, thirst (not in older adults), seizures. Sodium intake should be restricted for these pt’s.

A

hyprernatremia

42
Q

dietary sources of sodium

A

table salt, processed foods, milk, animal products, eggs, carrots, beets, leafy greens, celery

43
Q

muscle weakness/ flaccid, ABD distention, decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR), orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, Patients taking potassium wasting diuretics (lasix or furosemide) should be taught to increase their daily potassium intake.

A

hypokalemia

44
Q

muscle weakness/flaccid, cardiac dysrhythmias, can lead to cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia can occur when extensive tissue damage occurs from burns or crush injuries. Severe hyperkalemia causes life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias.

A

hyperkalemia

45
Q

food sources of potassium

A

unprocessed foods, fruits, vegetables, fish whole grains, legumes, seeds, and milk products. K+ is lost when food is boiled or blanched, unless you drink the water it was sitting in.

46
Q

increased muscle excitability, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, twitching, laryngo-spasms, carpopedal spasm, tetany, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias. Can result from any disorder that shifts/moves more calcium into the bone. Removal or injury of the parathyroid gland during a thyroidectomy can cause hypocalcemia.

A

hypocalcemia

47
Q

decreased muscular activity/ muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, constipation, diminished reflexes, decreased LOC, cardiac dysrhythmias, formation of kidney stones.

A

hypercalcemia

48
Q

food sources of calcium

A

milk/milk products, green vegetables, nuts, soybeans, and grains

49
Q

increased muscular excitability/tetany, insomnia, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, twitching, nystagmus (twitching of the eye which can often result in reduced vision and depth perception), seizures, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

A

hypomagnesemia

50
Q

Mg deficiency

A

rare, persistent vomiting and diarrhea, loss of GI fluids, renal disorders, alcoholism, is life threatening.

51
Q

For patients who are A&O and who are not receiving an irritant or vesicant their IV should be assessed every …

A

4 hrs

52
Q

patients who
- are critically ill
- adult pt’s who have a cognitive or sensory impairment
- unable to notify nurse of any adverse reactions
- recieving sedatives
- have an IV in a joint or in the jugular vein
their IV should be assessed every ….

A

2 hrs

53
Q

a pedi or neonate pt’s IV should be assessed every…

A

hour

54
Q

symptoms of dehydration in the elderly

A

SKin tenting on the forehead and the sternum
dry mucous membranes
weight loss of 1-2 lbs in a day

55
Q

What is BPH

A

benign prostate hyperplasia; enlargement of the prostate. The main issue is obstruction of urine flow. usually starts around age 30 and worsens over time.

56
Q

S&S of BPH

A 
difficulty voiding
nocturia
frequent UTI's
weak urine stream
urine flow is completely blocked
57
Q

When the urine backs up into the ureters causing the ureters to dilate. Which is painful and is a result of a complete urine blockage

A

Hydroureter

58
Q

When urine backs up into the kidneys. It can be painful and is a result of a complete urine blockage

A

Hydronephrosis

59
Q

the build-up of nitrogen in the blood. result of a complete urine blockage

A

azotemia

60
Q

Dx tests for BPH

A

digital rectal exam
pressure flow studies
ultra sound
UAC

61
Q

Tx for BPH

A 
Alpha-adrenergic blockers
5-Alpha reductase inhibitors (ARI's)
acupuncture
saw palmetto
Echinacea
62
Q

decreased ,muscle activity, diminished activity, diminished reflexes, muscle weakness, flushing, diaphoresis, hypotension, bradycardia, decreased LOC, respiratory depression, cardiac dysrhythmias.

A

hypermagnesemia

63
Q

what causes hypermagnesemia

A

renal failure or overuse of magnesium containing antacids.

64
Q

food sources of mg

A

nuts, soybeans, legumes, whole grain, oats, and cocoa

Practical nursing 102 (5 decks)

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