Unit I

Question 1

Whats is the ECF compartment made up of?

Answer 1

ECF - all fluids outside the cells is divided into interstitial fluid and plasma - 11L of interstitial and 3L for plasma

Question 2

What is plasma

Answer 2

Non cellular part of the blood, , exchanges substances continously with interstitial fluid through porous cell membranes

Question 3

Hematocrit

Answer 3

Spuned centrifuged blood, its the heaviest compartment on the bottom which represents 45%M and 40%F - % rbc

Question 4

Buffy coat

Answer 4

Thin white layer between plasma and formed elements (RBC )

Question 5

Function of the plasma protein

Answer 5

Nutritive - source of prot to tissues
Osmotic P and H20 Balance: plasma prot exerts osmotic P of 25mmHg , maintain water balance
Buffering action: Plasma prot help maintain pH
Transport Lipids and other substances
Blood coagulation: w/ prothrombin and a2 fraction and fibrinogen

Question 6

Classification of Plasma prot:

Answer 6

Alubmin a1a2b y fibrinogen

Question 7

Synthesis and Fxn of Hb

Answer 7

Synthesis of Hb :
Pro-erythroblast ->reticulocytes leave bone marrow thru diapedesis and pass into blood stream, makes Hb until become erythrocytes

Question 8

Fxn of erythropoeitin

Answer 8

Made in kidneys 90% and Liver 10%
RBC producer during low oxygen states, MW of 34Kda , stimulated in high altitudes for example ,
Stimulate proerythroblast from hematopoeitic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 9

Chemotaxis

Answer 9

Bacteria/Viral toxins, degenerative tissues , products of complement prot and reaction to plasma clotting

Question 10

Inflamation

Answer 10

1) Increase permebaility of capil membrane
2) vasodilation
3) Clotting of interstitial spaces
4) Migration of granulocytes and lymphocytes
5) Tissue swelling

Question 11

Opsonizaiton

Answer 11

Process which bacteria and other cells are altered in such manner they are more efficinetly engulfted by phagocytes

Question 12

Diapedesis

Answer 12

Passage of blood or any formed elements through intact walls of blood vessels

Question 13

Eptiope

Answer 13

Antigenic determinatn

Question 14

T-lymphocytes

Answer 14

Central role in cell-mediated immunity , mature in thymus (1e lymphoid organ)

1) Helper T cell
2) Cytotoxic T cell
3) Supressor T cell

Question 15

Innate immunity

Answer 15

Fast + Non specific

Allow to develop adaptive immunity - include phagocytes NK and complement system

Question 16

Acquired Immunity

Answer 16

adaptive immune system
Slow and first time exposure , but then more rapid and robust response during next 2ndary immunary response due to memroy

Question 17

Albumin

Answer 17

Single chain protein synthesized by hepatocytes , regulated by colloidosmotic P of plasma, transports FA cholest Lipids steroids hormones AA and drugs 66 Kda

Question 18

Neutrophil invasion

Answer 18

margination
intercell attachement
chemotaxis

Question 19

PUS

Answer 19

mix of tissue fluids, necrotic tissue and dead macrophages and neutrophils

Question 20

Hemostasis

Answer 20

Vascular contstriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood clot
Growth fibrous tissue

Question 21

Coagulation and hemostasis

Answer 21

Constriction
Formation of blood clot by with vwf and platelets adhesion factors that adher by positive feedback system until loose plug is formed
Then the clot is made when prothrombin activator makes prothrombin (68Kda) to thrombin (33.7Kda)
then the thrombin used for fibrinogen (340kda) to fibrin fibers meshwork attaches to platelets

Then fibrinolysis occurs to remove the clot

Question 22

How to prevent blood clotting

Answer 22

smooth endothelial surface layer
glycocalyx layer
thromodullin

Question 23

Plasminogen and fibrinolysis

Answer 23

once activated into plasmin , it digest fibrin fibers and other coagulatns by tpa

results are phagocyted and macrophages eat debris

Question 24

Coagulation inhitors

Answer 24

Prot.C and anti-thrombin released by vessel to decrease the size of clot, Plasmin and Plasminogen