Unit I

Question 1

adhesion

Answer 1

Attraction between unlike molecules

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

Attraction between like molecules

Question 3

Specific heat

Answer 3

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram ph a substance by one degree Celcius

Question 4

Heat of vaporization

Answer 4

The energy required to change one gram of water from a liquid to a gas

Question 5

Functional groups

Answer 5

H, P, N, O, and S-containing groups commonly found in organic molecules

Question 6

Amino functional groups

Answer 6

Attract hydrogen ions (protons) when in solutions. Function as bases. Link covalently with carboxyl groups to form amino acids.

Question 7

Carboxyl functional groups

Answer 7

Release hydrogen ions (protons) when in solutions. Function as acids. Link covalently with amino groups to form amino acids.

Question 8

Carbonyl functional groups

Answer 8

Site of reactions that link molecules (i.e. acetaldehyde, acetone) into larger, complex organic compounds.

Question 9

Hydroxyl functional groups

Answer 9

Act as weak acids. Protons involved in acid-base reactions come from hydroxyl groups (on organic compounds). Hydroxyl groups are polar; organic compounds containing them will form hydrogen bonds and be soluble in water.

Question 10

Phosphate functional groups

Answer 10

Carry negative charges on two oxygen atoms. When transferred from one organic to another, change in charge affects structure of recipient molecule. Phosphate groups bonded together store chemical energy.

Question 11

Sulfhydryl functional groups

Answer 11

Can link to each other via disulfide (S-S) bonds.

Question 12

Condensation/dehydration reactions

Answer 12

Polymerization of monomers. Results in the loss of water molecule.

Question 13

Hydrolysis reactions

Answer 13

Breaks polymers apart by adding water molecule. More frequent than condensation/dehydration reactions.

Question 14

Peptide bond

Answer 14

The bond that links amino acid together.

Question 15

R-group

Answer 15

The “side chains” of amino acids that differentiates the 20 types of amino acid.

Question 16

Oligopeptide

Answer 16

A polymer consisting of 50 or less linked amino acids.

Question 17

Polypeptide

Answer 17

A polymer consisting of 50 or more linked amino acids.

Question 18

Primary Structure

Answer 18

The unique sequence of amino acids making up a protein.

Question 19

Secondary Structure

Answer 19

Distinctively shaped sections of the linear sequence of a protein that are stabilized largely by hydrogen bonding that occurs between the oxygen on the carbonyl group of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of another.

Question 20

Tertiary Structure

Answer 20

Distinctive overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.

Question 21

Quaternary Structure

Answer 21

The combinations of polypeptides found in some proteins.

Question 22

Enthalpy

Answer 22

The total energy of a molecule, represented by H. Includes the potential energy in bonds and effect of molecule’s kinetic energy on pressure and volume.

Question 23

Entropy

Answer 23

The amount of disorder in a system, represented by S. Increases when products are less ordered than reactants.

Question 24

Chemical energy

Answer 24

A molecule’s potential to form stronger bonds; a type of potential energy.

Question 25

Gibbs free energy

Answer 25

The amount of energy in the reaction available to do work.

Question 26

Standard free-energy change equation

Answer 26

ΔG = ΔH – T ΔS

Question 27

Exergonic

Answer 27

When ΔG is less than 0; spontaneous.

Question 28

Endergonic

Answer 28

When ΔG is greater than zero; non-spontaneous.

Question 29

Transition state

Answer 29

The intermediate point between breaking old bonds and forming new ones.

Question 30

Substrates

Answer 30

Reactants which undergo a chemical reaction by binding to enzymes.

Question 31

Competitive inhibition

Answer 31

A regulatory molecule inhibits catalysts by competing with the substrate for access to enzyme’s active site.

Question 32

Allosteric

Answer 32

A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme.

Question 33

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 33

The covalent bond formed between the phosphate group and 5-carbon sugars of DNA and RNA.

Question 34

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 34

The activated nucleotide used in construction of RNA.