Unit I Flashcards
adhesion
Attraction between unlike molecules
Cohesion
Attraction between like molecules
Specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram ph a substance by one degree Celcius
Heat of vaporization
The energy required to change one gram of water from a liquid to a gas
Functional groups
H, P, N, O, and S-containing groups commonly found in organic molecules
Amino functional groups
Attract hydrogen ions (protons) when in solutions. Function as bases. Link covalently with carboxyl groups to form amino acids.
Carboxyl functional groups
Release hydrogen ions (protons) when in solutions. Function as acids. Link covalently with amino groups to form amino acids.
Carbonyl functional groups
Site of reactions that link molecules (i.e. acetaldehyde, acetone) into larger, complex organic compounds.
Hydroxyl functional groups
Act as weak acids. Protons involved in acid-base reactions come from hydroxyl groups (on organic compounds). Hydroxyl groups are polar; organic compounds containing them will form hydrogen bonds and be soluble in water.
Phosphate functional groups
Carry negative charges on two oxygen atoms. When transferred from one organic to another, change in charge affects structure of recipient molecule. Phosphate groups bonded together store chemical energy.
Sulfhydryl functional groups
Can link to each other via disulfide (S-S) bonds.
Condensation/dehydration reactions
Polymerization of monomers. Results in the loss of water molecule.
Hydrolysis reactions
Breaks polymers apart by adding water molecule. More frequent than condensation/dehydration reactions.
Peptide bond
The bond that links amino acid together.
R-group
The “side chains” of amino acids that differentiates the 20 types of amino acid.
Oligopeptide
A polymer consisting of 50 or less linked amino acids.
Polypeptide
A polymer consisting of 50 or more linked amino acids.
Primary Structure
The unique sequence of amino acids making up a protein.
Secondary Structure
Distinctively shaped sections of the linear sequence of a protein that are stabilized largely by hydrogen bonding that occurs between the oxygen on the carbonyl group of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of another.
Tertiary Structure
Distinctive overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.
Quaternary Structure
The combinations of polypeptides found in some proteins.
Enthalpy
The total energy of a molecule, represented by H. Includes the potential energy in bonds and effect of molecule’s kinetic energy on pressure and volume.
Entropy
The amount of disorder in a system, represented by S. Increases when products are less ordered than reactants.
Chemical energy
A molecule’s potential to form stronger bonds; a type of potential energy.
