Unit four

Question 1

what was the ultimate reasons for attempting to appease Germany ?

Answer 1

• Nation states that could stop Hitler were still dealing with the financial debts of WWI.
• Nation states were concerned about how they could survive the political disaster of taking their people to war again- specially if it did not affect them directly
• the great Depression limited severely the desire of nation states to look outside their borders; they had enough issues to deal with
• Many citizens thought the the Versailles Treaty had punished Germany too hard
• After WWI had ended, nation states had not pursued rearmament and were militarily weak.
• A stable Germany formed a great barrier between Communist Russia and the remainder of Europe.

Question 2

what is appeasement

Answer 2

a policy of avoiding war by simply giving in to the demands or actions of an aggressor nation in order to preserve peace

Question 3

What was the Munich accord

Answer 3

-Hitler wanted to grab the territory of Czechoslovakia.
- To forestall a conflict over the territory, Britain, France, Italy, and Germany sent representatives to Munich Germany to discuss the situation
- The Munich Accord was an agreement between the countries involved.
signed September 29, 1938
- this agreement gave the territory to Germany- avoiding war but once again appeasing hitler.
- this happened but the British and French representatives warned Czechoslovakia that it was on its own if it wanted to battle Germany.

Question 4

What was the trigger to preparing for WW2.

Answer 4

• When hitler invades Czechoslovakia.
• On march 16, 1939
• Hitler announced that Czechoslovakia had “ceased to exist”.
• France and England began to prepare for war.

Question 5

what were the Neutrality acts?

Answer 5

was designed to keep the United States out fo a possible European War.

Question 6

Why did Switzerland choose neutrality ?

Answer 6

because it was there way to prevent Germany from occupying Switzerland as it had with Austria and most of France. If they stayed neutral it was a way out of the dilemma.

Question 7

Why did Hitler choose to invade Switzerland?

Answer 7

• for a means of exchanging Germans gold for Swiss francs that allowed them to purchase war materials from other “neutral” countries such as Turkey, Sweden, Spain and Portugal.
• A railway system though otherwise impassable mountain ranges to Italy and Africa.
• A source of aluminum for aircraft.
• Spark plugs and timing devices for bombs made in factories that were not bombed every night.

Question 8

What did Swiss nationalists believe?

Answer 8

they believed they were “spiritual national defence”. which meant that only the strong political will of the Swiss population could secure.
- this idea united former opponents within Switzerland against their common enemy- Nazi Germany.

Question 9

As apart of Isolationism what did the United States use during times of recession?

Answer 9

• tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition during times of recession.

Question 10

When did United States National interests start to Devore from isolationism?

Answer 10

• when they became involved in the affairs of another country
• there national interests were attacked
• if the people of a nation were repressed and needed assistance in the struggle for independence.
• there national interests began to present themselves in various ways so they moved away from isolationism.

Question 11

Who was Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 11

He was the president James Monroe in 1823 claimed the isolationist point of view.
- later he began to move towards a foreign policy of interventionism and became more involved economically and politically with other countries.

Question 12

When was the policy of interventionism shown by the United States?

Answer 12

In the late 1800s and early 1900s many Latin American nations were unstable because of the failing of the Spanish empire.

• The United States became involved in nations such as Haiti, Cuba, and the Philippines against Spain.
• the involvement is an example of interventionism.

Question 13

When did Spanish American war start?

Answer 13

Started after Spain rejected the American request for Spain to resolve peacefully Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain. The United States gained control of the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba.

Question 14

what is the Lend-Lease agreement?

Answer 14

is seen as a decisive step in United States foreign policy; essentially it marked an acknowledgment that the country was moving towards involvement and internationalism.

Question 15

What was the Edo period in Japan?

Answer 15

• marked a 200- year period of isolationism during which Japan was essentially cut off from the rest of the world.
• the decision to take this stand was an attempt by the shogunate (supreme) powers to stop the spread of Christianity and western-influence in the country.

Question 16

what signaled the end of the longest periods of isolationism in world history?

Answer 16

When Commodore Perry sailed Into a Japanese harbour with his “Black ships”.

Question 17

What did Commodore Perry do when he arrived to Japan?

Answer 17

he delivered a letter from President Fillmore to Japans ruler, the Shogun, telling the Japanese that the United States wanted to trade with them. The Americans gave the Japanese one year to decide to accept or reject the offer.
- Japan either had to accept the American offer or risk being attacked.

Question 18

When did Japan sign the treaty that Commodore delivered?

Answer 18

Japan reluctantly signed the first out of many treaties with the United States in 1854, where Japan moved its foreign policy position from non-involvement to involvement.

Question 19

What is Gunboat diplomacy?

Answer 19

the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military power implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare should terms not be agreeable to the superior force

Question 20

Why did Japan feel humiliated overtime after the treaty was signed?

Answer 20

• the westerns made profit at the expense of Japan
• Japans worldview did not account on being a nation under the control of others
• while there country was built on the warrior philosophy, the Japanese had to bow there head to the military strength of the western nations!

Question 21

how could Japan avoid becoming a colony of one of the western nations?

Answer 21

• only by being considered a nation of equal strength was soon evident.
• the solution was a rapid industrialization of the country. Over three decades, Japan managed to accomplish what western nations had taken two centuries to do- they became fully industrialized with a strong military presence.

Question 22

what happened to Japans shogun after the interaction with the western nations?

Answer 22

• they discontented samurai organized to restore the emperor to his former status and get rid of shogun. they were successful in 1858, and the Media Restoration began.

Question 23

what was the Meiji restoration?

Answer 23

• was responsible for putting the Meiji emperor back on the throne and in charge of Japan.
• the restoration Instituted a policy of westernization
• this policy told the Japanese people that to build a “civilized and enlightened” country, Japan needed to adopt the practices, technology, and customs of western foreigners.

Question 24

What was the citizens response of the Meiji restoration?

Answer 24

• when the Meiji government started to ask the people to eat meat, and cut of the distinctive way people did there hair, the citizens didn’t like it and they had a very definite sense of national identity bounded to there practices, traditions, and beliefs.

Question 25

who was Meiji ?

Answer 25

he was the emperor of Japan

Question 26

what were the several steps to accomplish the campaign of indoctrination aimed at establishing the emperor as the symbolic centre of a muscular modern nationalism?

Answer 26

• published the 1882 “ Imperial precepts to solders and sailors”. a military code that resurrected feudal ideals of the “way the warrior” (code for samurai called Bushido)
• declared selfless loyalty to the emperor to be the supreme duty of the fighting man.
• declared that, for the Japanese fighting man, “Duty is weightier than a mountain, while death is lighter than a feather”. ( a phrase often repeated six decades later in World War II)
• promoted the spiritual glory of dying for the emperor through a series of steps entering on the new Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo where the sounds of those who died fighting on the emperors behalf were enshrined.
• established a “ Military exhibition Hall” the (yushukan) on the shrine grounds in 1882

Question 27

what did china do in 1884?

Answer 27

China sent troops to Korea to quell a pro-japanese domestic uprising, only fear that Japan was not yet militarily prepared for war persuaded the Meiji leaders to hiate a solution for china.
- war with china came when the Japanese poured thousands of troops into Korea in the name as the propagandists would have it, of protecting Korea against Intrigues by China.

Question 28

During the rapid industrialization and westernization, Japan sent many scholars to study western nations. The consensus of the research as well as intercultural interaction, told the Japanese three things, what were they?

Answer 28

1. Japan needed to secure foreign territories to obtain in raw resources to duel its industrialization
2. Japan needed a strong military to defend itself and to secure and control foreign colonies or territories.
3. Japan needed a secure economy that would allow it to be more self-sufficient.
   through contact with the western nations Japan learned that nation they considered weak: were the ones they conquered and colonized.

Question 29

What did Japan observe when wanting to be like western nations, what did they had to do?

Answer 29

to be considered equal, Japan had to look the part of a nation state- the kind of nation state that was understood by the western powers.

Question 30

When did Japan go out securing nations, and what nations?

Answer 30

• they started securing territories in Asia in 1920s and 1930s, Japan went after the territories the British, French, Russians, and Americans had not already claimed.

Question 31

What was Manchuria?

Answer 31

was a territory in china that the Japanese had captured in 1931.

Question 32

What was the aim for Japans attack on the Pearl Harbour , in December 7, 1941?

Answer 32

The basic idea was to invade and conquer the areas of South east Asia, they wanted to do it quickly and then use their resources to supercharge the war effort in China and bring it to a definite and favourable conclusion.
- other words they wanted to become so powerful that none of the war-weary western countries would dare challenge it.

Question 33

Did the United States intevene with the attack on the Pearl Harbour , in December 7, 1941?

Answer 33

The only way to stop the plan was from the US pacific fleet based in Pearl harbour o the island of Oahu in Hawaii. So the fleet did get involved

Question 34

Did Japans leaders think that they could prevail in a sustained war with the United States over the course of several years?

Answer 34

They did not. The success of the overall plan depended on several additional assumptions one of which was entirely incorrect. The thinking here was that the United States was a rich country whose people had a grown lazy and soft form of life. They thought physiologically that the United States couldnt take them down if they were successful in defeating the pacific fleet and bringing the resources of the Indies and elsewhere using them for production.

Question 35

what is the USA Patriot Act

Answer 35

• to increase the authority of American law enforcement agencies to fight terrorism at home and abroad
• The American law enforcement agencies wide ranging powers over such things as listening in on telephone conversations, searching private residences or businesses…exc.

Question 36

what is racial profiling ?

Answer 36

using race as a primary determination in the characterization of a person considered likely to commit a particular type of crime

Question 37

what do the promoters of the patriot act argue?

Answer 37

of the Patriot Act argue that such far reaching powers are necessary to protect American citizens.

Question 38

what do opponents of the patriot act argue?

Answer 38

of the Patriot Act argue that such far reaching powers weaken the rights and freedoms guaranteed in the United States Constitution.

Question 39

After 9/11, Canada also enacted legislation to fight terrorism, the Anti-terrorism Act. This Act gives Canadian law enforcement agencies the following powers:?

Answer 39

• police have far-reaching
• powers to act on suspected acts of terrorism.
• suspected terrorists can be detained without charge for up to three days.
• easier for the police to use electronic surveillance.
• preventive arrests can be made on suspicion of crime that may be committed.
• judges can compel witnesses to give evidence during an investigation.