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PSYC 106 > Unit Exam 1 > Flashcards

Unit Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

the biological emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

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2
Q

what are the three characteristics associated with motivation?

A

activation, persistence, and intensity

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3
Q

Activation

A

demonstrated by the initiation or production of behavior

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4
Q

Persistence

A

demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal often in the face of obstacles

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5
Q

Intensity

A

seen in greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior

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6
Q

incentive theory

A

the view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals such as rewards

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7
Q

Drive

A

a need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

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8
Q

Drive Theory

A

the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

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9
Q

Instinct theory

A

the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

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10
Q

Achievement motivation

A

the drive to excel, succeed, outperform others at some tasks

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11
Q

Self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation by Deci and Ryan

A

that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for AUTONOMY, COMPETENCE, and RELATEDNESS are satisfied

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12
Q

Optimal Arousal

A

human motivation aims to seek optimal levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.

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13
Q

Arousal theory

A

the view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal - neither too high, nor too low

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

the idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, constant levels, reach or maintain equilibrium

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15
Q

Abraham Maslow created what?

A

model of motivation called Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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16
Q

levels of needs bottom to top

A

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization

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17
Q

physiological needs:

A

food, water, warmth, rest

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18
Q

safety needs:

A

security, safety

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19
Q

belongingness and love needs:

A

intimate relationships, friends

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20
Q

esteem needs:

A

prestige and feelings of accomplishment

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21
Q

self-actualization:

A

achieving ones full potential, including creative activities

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22
Q

what are the biological factors that contribute to our motivation to eat?

A

Ghrelin

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23
Q

Ghrelin “hunger hormone”:

A

hormone made by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Positive Incentive Value

A

the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; eating behavior

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25
Q

what does evolution say about over eating?

A

leads to obesity that can be genetic

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26
Q

Satiation

A

the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal

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27
Q

set point theory

A

body has a natural weight called set-point weight that it is set to maintain and your body that the body defends from getting high or lower

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28
Q

Leptin:

A

hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating

29
Q

Insulin:

A

hormone controlling food intake; secreted by pancreas; regulates blood levels of glucose

30
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK):

A

hormone secreted primarily by the small intestines that promotes satiation; also found in the brain; is a neurotransmitter

31
Q

Emotions are a response of an organisms what?

A

cognition, affect, and behavior

32
Q

what are the components of emotion?

A

physical arousal, subjective experience, behavioral and expressive response

33
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes; process of theory (1) recognize a threatening situation (2) reacted by feeling fearful (3) activated sympathetic nervous system (4) triggered fearful behavior

34
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions; it suggests that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction

35
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

36
Q

Process of James-Lange Theory

A
  1. stimulus
  2. physiological arousal and behavioral changes
  3. subjective experience of emotion
37
Q

Process of Two Factor Theory

A
  1. stimulus
  2. physiological arousal
  3. cognitive label for arousal
  4. conscious emotion
38
Q

systemic nervous system:

A

is the body’s emergency system, rapidly activating bodily systems to meet threats or emergencies

39
Q

parasympathetic nervous system:

A

conserves and maintains your physical resources, it calms you down after an emergency

40
Q

Thalamus:

A

where the first visual stimulus is routed

41
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

a stop of the pathways that lead from the amygdala

42
Q

Amygdala:

A

is the implicate of emotional response

43
Q

types of facial expressions:

A

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust

44
Q

Facial Feedback:

A

the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of emotion

45
Q

Masters and Johnsons sexual response:

A

mapped the sexual response by William Masters and Virginia Masters

46
Q

masters and Johnson sexual response sequence:

A

stage 1: excitement
stage 2: plateau
stage 3: orgasm
stage 4: resolution

47
Q

sex:

A

the biological category of male and female as defined by physical differences in reproductive ANATOMY

48
Q

Gender (how the feel within themselves) :

A

the cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity

49
Q

Gender Role:

A

the behaviors attitudes and personalit traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture

50
Q

Sexual Orientation:

A

the direction of a persons emotional and erotic attraction towards members of the opposite sex, the same sex or both sexes

51
Q

Gender Role Stereotypes:

A

the beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences and behavior

52
Q

Gender Identity:

A

is what they label themselves as

53
Q

Social Learning Theory: (of gender role development)

A

the theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic process of learning, including reinforcement, punishment and modeling

54
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

gender differences are the result of generations of the dual forces of sexual selection and parental investment

55
Q

Gender Schema Theory:

A

the theory that gender role development is influenced by the formation of schemas or mental representations of masculinity and femininity

56
Q

Sexual dysfunction:

A

a consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties

57
Q

Paraphilia:

A

several forms of non traditional sexual behavior in which a person’s sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object or fantasy

58
Q

STD:

A

any of several infectious diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse and other intimate sexual contact

59
Q

vaginismus

A

persistent, involuntary contractions or spasms of the vaginal muscles which result in uncomfortable or painful intercourse

60
Q

dyspareunia

A

genital pain before, during or after intercourse

61
Q

estrogen

A

sex hormone produced by ovaries

62
Q

testosterone in women and men

A

castration or illness causes lowered testosterone causing loss of sex drive and for women; testosterone in women are produced by adrenal glands

63
Q

david buss mating strategies for men:

A

women who are likely to be succeful in bearing children; high value of youth; physically healthy; and high quality genes

64
Q

david buss mating strategies in women:

A

good genes; health and attractive men; and posses the resources for their offspring to survive

65
Q

Sensation Seeking:

A

the degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal

66
Q

Bacterial STDS:

A

gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia

67
Q

parasitic STDs:

A

public lice:

68
Q

viral STDs:

A

genital herpes. AIDS, HIV

PSYC 106 (2 decks)

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