Unit Exam 1 Flashcards
Motivation
the biological emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior
what are the three characteristics associated with motivation?
activation, persistence, and intensity
Activation
demonstrated by the initiation or production of behavior
Persistence
demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal often in the face of obstacles
Intensity
seen in greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior
incentive theory
the view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals such as rewards
Drive
a need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis
Drive Theory
the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
Instinct theory
the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming
Achievement motivation
the drive to excel, succeed, outperform others at some tasks
Self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation by Deci and Ryan
that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for AUTONOMY, COMPETENCE, and RELATEDNESS are satisfied
Optimal Arousal
human motivation aims to seek optimal levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.
Arousal theory
the view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal - neither too high, nor too low
Homeostasis
the idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, constant levels, reach or maintain equilibrium
Abraham Maslow created what?
model of motivation called Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
levels of needs bottom to top
physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
physiological needs:
food, water, warmth, rest
safety needs:
security, safety
belongingness and love needs:
intimate relationships, friends
esteem needs:
prestige and feelings of accomplishment
self-actualization:
achieving ones full potential, including creative activities
what are the biological factors that contribute to our motivation to eat?
Ghrelin
Ghrelin “hunger hormone”:
hormone made by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland
Positive Incentive Value
the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; eating behavior
what does evolution say about over eating?
leads to obesity that can be genetic
Satiation
the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal
set point theory
body has a natural weight called set-point weight that it is set to maintain and your body that the body defends from getting high or lower
Leptin:
hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating
Insulin:
hormone controlling food intake; secreted by pancreas; regulates blood levels of glucose
Cholecystokinin (CCK):
hormone secreted primarily by the small intestines that promotes satiation; also found in the brain; is a neurotransmitter
Emotions are a response of an organisms what?
cognition, affect, and behavior
what are the components of emotion?
physical arousal, subjective experience, behavioral and expressive response
James-Lange Theory
the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes; process of theory (1) recognize a threatening situation (2) reacted by feeling fearful (3) activated sympathetic nervous system (4) triggered fearful behavior
Cannon-Bard Theory
we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions; it suggests that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction
Two-Factor Theory
emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal
Process of James-Lange Theory
- stimulus
- physiological arousal and behavioral changes
- subjective experience of emotion
Process of Two Factor Theory
- stimulus
- physiological arousal
- cognitive label for arousal
- conscious emotion
systemic nervous system:
is the body’s emergency system, rapidly activating bodily systems to meet threats or emergencies
parasympathetic nervous system:
conserves and maintains your physical resources, it calms you down after an emergency
Thalamus:
where the first visual stimulus is routed
Hypothalamus:
a stop of the pathways that lead from the amygdala
Amygdala:
is the implicate of emotional response
types of facial expressions:
happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust
Facial Feedback:
the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of emotion
Masters and Johnsons sexual response:
mapped the sexual response by William Masters and Virginia Masters
masters and Johnson sexual response sequence:
stage 1: excitement
stage 2: plateau
stage 3: orgasm
stage 4: resolution
sex:
the biological category of male and female as defined by physical differences in reproductive ANATOMY
Gender (how the feel within themselves) :
the cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity
Gender Role:
the behaviors attitudes and personalit traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture
Sexual Orientation:
the direction of a persons emotional and erotic attraction towards members of the opposite sex, the same sex or both sexes
Gender Role Stereotypes:
the beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences and behavior
Gender Identity:
is what they label themselves as
Social Learning Theory: (of gender role development)
the theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic process of learning, including reinforcement, punishment and modeling
Evolutionary Theory
gender differences are the result of generations of the dual forces of sexual selection and parental investment
Gender Schema Theory:
the theory that gender role development is influenced by the formation of schemas or mental representations of masculinity and femininity
Sexual dysfunction:
a consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties
Paraphilia:
several forms of non traditional sexual behavior in which a person’s sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object or fantasy
STD:
any of several infectious diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse and other intimate sexual contact
vaginismus
persistent, involuntary contractions or spasms of the vaginal muscles which result in uncomfortable or painful intercourse
dyspareunia
genital pain before, during or after intercourse
estrogen
sex hormone produced by ovaries
testosterone in women and men
castration or illness causes lowered testosterone causing loss of sex drive and for women; testosterone in women are produced by adrenal glands
david buss mating strategies for men:
women who are likely to be succeful in bearing children; high value of youth; physically healthy; and high quality genes
david buss mating strategies in women:
good genes; health and attractive men; and posses the resources for their offspring to survive
Sensation Seeking:
the degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal
Bacterial STDS:
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
parasitic STDs:
public lice:
viral STDs:
genital herpes. AIDS, HIV
