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Bio 20 > Unit D - Respiration and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Unit D - Respiration and Motor Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Active Transport

A
  • The movement of materials through a cell membrane using ATP and carrier proteins.
  • Substances are moved against a concentration gradient
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2
Q

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

A

To break down glucose and generate ATP for the cells to use as energy

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3
Q

How do the oxidation and reduction reactions in electron transfer help to form ATP?

A

The transfer of electrons releases energy that can be used in cellular respiration and other cellular processes

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4
Q

Uses of ATP

A
  • motion (muscles, cell division, etc)
  • transport of ions and molecules (sodium-potassium pump)
  • building molecules (joining amino acids, building new strands of DNA)
  • switching reactions on and off (switches enzymes on or off)
  • bioluminescence (produces light in animals and plants)
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5
Q

How do carrier proteins use ATP to transport substances across cell membranes?

A

ATP is converted to ADP on the carrier protein, releasing energy to the carrier protein. The energy changes the shape of the protein that carries the substance to the other side of the membrane

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6
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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7
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

Electrons are lost in the process of the reaction

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8
Q

Reduction reaction

A

Electrons are gained in the process of the reaction

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9
Q

Why can’t cells use glucose to run their processes?

A

Glucose contains too much energy at once, if it is broken down into ATP it is in a more usable form

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10
Q

How much energy can be used from glucose?

A

36% of the energy in a glucose molecule is really used as ATP
The other 64% is released as heat

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11
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A
  • Takes place in the presence of oxygen
  • End products are carbon dioxide gas, water, and 36 ATP molecules
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12
Q

Four stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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13
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A
  • Takes place in the absence of oxygen
  • Two stages that take place in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Produces
    1. Glycolysis
    2. Fermentation
  • End product is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
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14
Q

Glycolosis

A
  • a process by which glucose, a sugar, is broken down into two smaller pyruvate molecules
  • broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • first stage of cellular respiration
  • anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
  • two ATP molecules used, four produced (net production is 2)
  • Produces two NADH molecules
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15
Q

Key events of glycolysis

A
  1. Two ATP molecules are used
  2. Two NAD+ ions remove hydrogen atoms -> forms 2 NADH+ and 2 H+ (released into cytoplasm)
  3. Enough energy is released to produce four ATP molecules
  4. Four ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and two pyruvate molecules produced by the end of glycolysis
  5. ATP energy used for cellular functions
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16
Q

Glycolysis efficiency

A
  • not highly efficient
  • releases as heat energy
  • only uses 2.2% of the energy available in glucose into ATP
  • remaining energy in the pyruvate and NADH molecules
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17
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Scattered through the cell’s cytoplasm
  • Production of large quantities of ATP
  • Cannot be produced without oxygen
  • Where aerobic cellular respiration occurs
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18
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A
  • Pathway that connects glycolysis in the cytoplasm to the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria
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19
Q

Key events of pyruvate oxidation

A
  1. A CO2 is removed from each pyruvate molecule and released as waste product
  2. Remaining carbon are oxidized by NAD+, each NAD+ molecule gains two hydrogen ions from pyruvate
  3. Remaining carbon becomes an acetic acid group, this transfers high-energy hydrogens to NAD+
  4. Coenzyme A attaches to the acetic acid group (forms acetyl-CoA)
  5. Two molecules of acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and two molecules of NADH enter electron transport
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20
Q

Krebs cycle

A
  • Third stage of cellular respiration
  • Transfers energy from organic molecules into ATP, NADH, and FADH
  • Removes carbon as CO2
  • Occurs twice for each molecule of glucose that is processed
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21
Q

Key Events in Krebs Cycle

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, and CoA is released to be used again in pyruvate oxidation
  2. Three NAD+ and one FAD are used to produce three NADH and one FADH
  3. ADP and Pi are combined to form one ATP
  4. Two CO2 molecules are produced, and get released as waste
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22
Q

Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis

A
  • the compounds reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
  • Can only work if electrons are available, and oxygen is present
  • Fourth and final stage of cellular respiration
  • Produces the most energy (ATP)
23
Q

Key Events of Electron Transport

A
  1. NADH and FADH transfer the hydrogen to proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. NADH gives up two high energy electrons, as well as a hydrogen atom, into the protein
  3. This process repeats going from carrier molecule to carrier molecule, releasing energy, this energy pushes the H molecules across the inner membrane
  4. The hydrogen molecules gain potential energy
  5. The two energy electrons now have low energy, and are stripped from the last carrier molecule by oxygen
  6. This oxygen combines with the hydrogen molecules, making water
    *FADH works the same way, but has less energy creation
24
Q

Key Events of Chemiosmosis

A
  1. H+ ions from electron transport are forced to transport through special proton channel associated with the enzyme ATP synthase
  2. The energy stored moves the H+ ions through ATP synthase, and the energy released causes the creation of ATP by ADP and P
  3. The energy from NADH is enough to produce three ATP after it has been synthesized
  4. After ATP is made, it is released into the cytoplasm to drive processes that require energy`
25
Q

Oxidative ATP synthesis

A
  • The production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions
  • The high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space creates a gradient, and the H+ ions are then forced through the ATP synthase to create ATP.
  • These processes are all dependent on the availability of oxygen and electrons from glucose.
26
Q

Describe the function of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration

A
  • They both turn into NADH and FADH
  • They both release hydrogen ions to be moved throughout the electron transport chain to create ATP energy
27
Q

What are the final products of cellular respiration?

A

6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 ATP

28
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A
  • Does not use oxygen
  • Only contains gylcolysis and fermentation
  • Produces lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
29
Q

Fermentation

A
  • Recycles the products of glycolysis where wither carbon dioxide and ethanol or lactic acid are the final waste products
30
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A
  • Occurs in yeast
  • NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, which creates carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD
  • glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
31
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A
  • Occurs in animal cells
  • NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD and lactic acid
  • glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
32
Q

Why is oxygen so essential for survival?

A

Cells obtain energy through a process called oxidation, where oxygen breaks down organic compounds. A few minutes without oxygen will kill you.

33
Q

What is the function of the respiratory membrane?

A

The uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells take place across a respiratory membrane

34
Q

Explain how the function of the trachea, esophagus, and epiglottis are related

A

The epiglottis is what blocks materials that have been swallowed from entering the trachea, and it transports it to the esophagus

35
Q

Where does gas exchange take place during respiration?

A

In the alveoli

36
Q

What is the difference between cellular respiration and respiration?

A
  • Cellular respiration is where energy is released from glucose to be used in the cells of the body
  • Respiration supplies oxygen to the cells of the body so glucose can be broken down
37
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing, located between the ribs

38
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Substance that carries oxygen in red blood cells

39
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

40
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and by being diffused in the plasma of blood

41
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate ions, hemoglobin, and by being diffused in the blood

42
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

43
Q

How bicarbonate ions are formed

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H
1. Carbonic anhydrase takes carbon dioxide and water in the blood and turns it into carbonic acid
2. The carbonic acid has a high level pH, so it is buffered by hemoglobin connecting to hydrogen, releasing oxygen

44
Q

Cardiac muscle-

A
  • Found only in the heart
  • Beats involuntarily
45
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Found in the lining of organs
  • Contracts involuntarily
46
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Attached to the bones of the skeleton
  • Contract and move voluntarily
47
Q

Tendons

A

Attaches muscle to bone

48
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

A pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move
Ex: when biceps contract and the triceps relax, the bones forming the elbow joint get closer together

49
Q

Actin and myosin

A

Responsible for the contraction of the muscles

50
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  • Myosin attaches to actin forming a cross bridge (overlapped)
  • The myosin head bends pulling the I bands together
  • ATP is required to break the cross bridge so that myosin can contract again
51
Q

Creatine phosphate

A
  • An energy storage molecule used by muscle tissue.
  • The phosphate from creatine phosphate can be removed and attached to an ADP to generate ATP quickly.
  • Ensures ATP levels can remain very high
52
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibers

A

An explosive and sprinting kind of muscle

53
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Endurance and marathon kind of muscle

Bio 20 (2 decks)

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