unit d immune system Flashcards
what are antibodies
what our bodies produce to fight viruses
Y shaped protein
they bind to the antigens and mark it to be eliminated by the macrophages and killer t cells
what is non specific immunity
immunity not specific to any virus, bodies defines against any virus
this is the “second line of defence”
what are macrophages
white blood cells that recognize foreign and abnormal materials in the body and eliminate them or help to heal damaged tissues
process is called phagocytosis
“third / fourth line of defence”
body remembers the specific bacteria an makes antibodies
specific immunity
what are antigens
the fingerprints on bacteria that the will body recognize and makes antibodies against
(the macrophages destroy invading microbes and once it is destroyed, the macrophage takes the antigen marker and pushes it to the outside to be recognized)
what are “helper T-cells”
white blood cells
live in the thymus gland and identify the antigens on the macrophages after the have been pushed to the surface
they clamp onto these macrophages and memorize the shape of them
what are “killer T cells”
white blood cells
helper t cells call for the killer t cells for re-enforcement
these cells then start to multiply and kill pathogens
what are b cells
white blood cells
the cells that are responsible for making antibodies
what are memory b cells
immunity cells
they remember the bacteria and viruses
some are lifelong immunity (like smallpox) and some are not (like covid where you need booster shots)
what are suppressor T cells
stop the immune response after it the virus has been eliminated
without these our good cells would start to get eliminated
blood is made up of
55% plasma
1% white blood cells and platelets
44% red blood cells
plasma consists of
water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, etc
this is where the antibodies are
what is made in the bone marrow
red and white blood cells and platelets
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
have nuclei
fight infections and disease
what is leukaemia
cancer of white blood cells
what are platelets / thrombocytes
tiny fragments involved in blood clotting
what are the different blood types
A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-
steps of a blood clot forming
1) constriction of the blood vessel by sticky substance
2) platelets stick together and make a plug
3) platelets release thromboplastin (inactive form)
4) thrombin (in active enzyme form) turns fibrinogen (inactive form) to fibrin (active form)
5) formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot (like a mesh plug)
pros and cons of antibiotics
prevent bacteria from making cell walls
does not work on viruses
overused antibiotics have caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant
skin, tears and perspiration are the bodies…?
first line of defence
name given to an antibody when attached to an antigen
antibody antigen complex
cell fragments responsible for blot clotting
platelets
which cells remember the shape of an antigen to defend against it in the future
memory b cells
thread like material that wraps around abs and platelets to form a clot and stop the bleeding
fibrin (active form)
