unit d immune system

Question 1

what are antibodies

Answer 1

what our bodies produce to fight viruses
Y shaped protein
they bind to the antigens and mark it to be eliminated by the macrophages and killer t cells

Question 2

what is non specific immunity

Answer 2

immunity not specific to any virus, bodies defines against any virus
this is the “second line of defence”

Question 3

what are macrophages

Answer 3

white blood cells that recognize foreign and abnormal materials in the body and eliminate them or help to heal damaged tissues

process is called phagocytosis

Question 4

“third / fourth line of defence”

Answer 4

body remembers the specific bacteria an makes antibodies

specific immunity

Question 5

what are antigens

Answer 5

the fingerprints on bacteria that the will body recognize and makes antibodies against

(the macrophages destroy invading microbes and once it is destroyed, the macrophage takes the antigen marker and pushes it to the outside to be recognized)

Question 6

what are “helper T-cells”

Answer 6

white blood cells
live in the thymus gland and identify the antigens on the macrophages after the have been pushed to the surface

they clamp onto these macrophages and memorize the shape of them

Question 7

what are “killer T cells”

Answer 7

white blood cells
helper t cells call for the killer t cells for re-enforcement
these cells then start to multiply and kill pathogens

Question 8

what are b cells

Answer 8

white blood cells

the cells that are responsible for making antibodies

Question 9

what are memory b cells

Answer 9

immunity cells
they remember the bacteria and viruses
some are lifelong immunity (like smallpox) and some are not (like covid where you need booster shots)

Question 10

what are suppressor T cells

Answer 10

stop the immune response after it the virus has been eliminated
without these our good cells would start to get eliminated

Question 11

blood is made up of

Answer 11

55% plasma
1% white blood cells and platelets
44% red blood cells

Question 12

plasma consists of

Answer 12

water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, etc

this is where the antibodies are

Question 13

what is made in the bone marrow

Answer 13

red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 14

what are leukocytes

Answer 14

white blood cells
have nuclei
fight infections and disease

Question 15

what is leukaemia

Answer 15

cancer of white blood cells

Question 16

what are platelets / thrombocytes

Answer 16

tiny fragments involved in blood clotting

Question 17

what are the different blood types

Answer 17

A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-

Question 18

steps of a blood clot forming

Answer 18

1) constriction of the blood vessel by sticky substance
2) platelets stick together and make a plug
3) platelets release thromboplastin (inactive form)
4) thrombin (in active enzyme form) turns fibrinogen (inactive form) to fibrin (active form)
5) formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot (like a mesh plug)

Question 19

pros and cons of antibiotics

Answer 19

prevent bacteria from making cell walls
does not work on viruses
overused antibiotics have caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant

Question 20

skin, tears and perspiration are the bodies…?

Answer 20

first line of defence

Question 21

name given to an antibody when attached to an antigen

Answer 21

antibody antigen complex

Question 22

cell fragments responsible for blot clotting

Answer 22

platelets

Question 23

which cells remember the shape of an antigen to defend against it in the future

Answer 23

memory b cells

Question 24

thread like material that wraps around abs and platelets to form a clot and stop the bleeding

Answer 24

fibrin (active form)

Question 25

what makes blood positive or negative

Answer 25

presence of the rhesus (Rh) factor
postive has Rh
negative doesn’t have Rh

Question 26

what would happen if blood type A were transferred into blood type O
(or any non compatible blood types)

Answer 26

agglutination

Question 27

what is erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 27

can occur during pregnancy when the male is positive and the female is a negative
normally doesn’t effect first pregnancy because the body hasn’t make antibodies for the opposite blood type yet

Question 28

what are the symptoms of erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 28

anemia
heart failure
jaundice
edema

Question 29

what is the first line of defence

Answer 29

(physical barriers)
skin 
mucous membranes 
secretions 
hairs and cilia