Unit B 3.0 Flashcards
What is ionization?
When an atom changes to an ion.
How does ionization occur?
When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons in order to become stable, or have their outermost energy level full.
If an atom has 1 electron in their outermost layer, will they gain 7 electrons or lose the 1?
Lose the 1, because atoms are lazy.
What is a positively charged atom called?
A cation.
What is a negatively charged atom called?
An anion.
How many electrons can an atom’s first energy level retain?
2 max.
How many electrons can every energy level except the first retain?
8 max.
If an atoms loses electrons it becomes
Positively charged.
If an atom gains electrons it becomes
Negatively charged.
Why does an atom become positively charged if it loses electrons?
Because electrons are negative charges.
All metals are __________ charged.
Positively.
All non-metals are __________ charged.
Negatively.
What is an ion charge?
The number or +/- sign that shows the number of electrons gained or lost.
Ex. Sc3+ — this atom lost 3 electrons, and therefore is 3+ positively charged.
What is a valence electron?
The electron that is taken away or added.
T/F: The electrons lost or gained are ALWAYS from the outermost energy level.
True.
How are groups of the periodic table based?
By ion charge.
Ex. All group 1s have +1, all group 2s have +2, etc.
Why are noble gases so unreactive?
Because they are already stable. They don’t want to gain or lose any electrons, so they don’t react.
What is an ionic bond?
Is the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal.
Ex. Sodium and chlorine.
- 1e -
- 8e -
- 2e -
Na+ - 7e -
- 8e -
- 2e -
Cl-
Sodium will give their one electron to chlorine, so that way both of their outermost energy levels are full.
NaCl (s) — (ionic compound)
What is an ionic compound?
When a metal and a non-metal come together to create a neutrally-charged compound.
Ex. Aluminium (m) and fluorine (nm)
Al3+
Fl-
F- Al3+
F-
F-
AlF3 (s)
That way it’s neutral. You need 3 fluorides in order to be equivalent to 1 aluminium. It needs to be equivalent to be neutral.
T/F: All ionic compounds are not solid at room temperature.
False — they are.
T/F: if your metal is 2+ and your non-metal is 2-, they will cancel each other out and no subscript is needed.
True.
Metal + nonmetal =
Cation + anion =
Ionic compound.
What is the process for naming ionic compounds?
- Write the name of the metal ion first.
- Write the name of the non-metal ion last and change the ending to “ide”.
Ex. KBr (s) — potassium bromide.
What is a univalent element?
An element with only 1 ion charge option.
Ex. Potassium
What is a multivalent element?
An element with more than 1 ion charge option. Ex. Copper Ex. lead (IV) oxide nickel (III) sulfide copper (II) nitride
When should you use Roman numerals?
When the metal in an ionic compound is multivalent.
What is a polyatomic ion?
A group of atoms combined together that exist as a single unit with an overall electric charge.
Most polyatomic ions have a _______ charge.
Negative.
Where are polyatomic ions usually written in a formula?
Last.
What is the 1 exception to the rule that polyatomics behave as non-metals?
Ammonium.
NH +
…. 4
Behaves as a metal.
Why does ammonium behave as a metal?
Because it is positively charged.
Do the endings change for polyatomic ions?
Nope.
What is a dead giveaway that it’s a polyatomic ion?
The endings don’t change.
What are the 3 polyatomic ions that have “ide” endings?
- Cyanide
- Hydroxide
- Hydrogen sulfide
What is an effective way to find out what the ion charges of the atoms were before put into a compound name?
The reverse crisscross method.
What is the thing that Mr. Whitehead said was STUPID IMPORTANT?
If there is only one subscript, you don’t need to add brackets. But if theres more than one, you NEED them.
Ex. NH42 / (NH4)2
First one says that there is 42 hydrogens. Second one says that there is 2 NH4s.
Name 4 facts of ionic compounds.
- For every positive there is a negative.
- For every negative there is a positive.
- They’re all dependant.
- Metal w nonmetal.
T/F: Ionic compounds form independent units.
False — they do not.
Name 4 facts about molecules.
- Two or more non-metal atoms bonded together (all negatives!)
- Each molecule is independent of the next.
- They are NOT part of a lattice.
- NON-METAL W NON-METAL.
What is a way to see if it’s an ionic or molecular compound?
Always look for the metal first. If there is a metal, it will always be ionic. If there’s no metal, just non-metals, it will always be molecular.
What are molecular compounds?
Atoms linked together by sharing electrons.
If non-metals always need to gain electrons to have a full outer shell, how do molecular compounds work?
The atoms share electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
SHARING (not transferring) electrons from the outermost energy level.
Draw 2 chlorine atoms being turned into 1 chlorine molecule.
Draw it.
Go look in your camera role to see the examples of molecular compounds and covalent bonds.
Do it. Go. Now.
What are monoatomic elements?
Elements that exist in nature as single atoms. Most elements are like this.
What are diatomic elements?
Elements that exist in nature as pairs of atoms.
How many diatomic elements are there?
7.
How many polyatomic ELEMENTS are there?
2.
How do you remember the diatomic elements?
I Bring Clay For Our New House.
What are the diatomic elements?
I2 (g): iodine Br2 (l): bromine Cl2 (g): chlorine F2 (g): fluorine O2 (g): oxygen N2 (g): nitrogen H2 (g): hydrogen
How do you remember the polyatomic elements?
And 4 Paving stones for 8 Steps.
What are the polyatomic elements?
P4 (s): phosphorus
S8 (s): sulfur
What is the FULL saying to memorize the polyatomic and diatomic elements?
I Bring Clay For Our New House, and 4 Paving stones for 8 Steps.
What is the process for naming molecular compounds?
- Name the first element.
- Name the second element with an “ide” ending.
- Add the prefix indicating the number of atoms.
What is the prefix for 1 atom?
Mono.
What is the prefix for 2 atoms?
Di.
What is the prefix for 3 atoms?
Tri.
What is the prefix for 4 atoms?
Tetra.
What is the prefix for 5 atoms?
Penta.
What is the prefix for 6 atoms?
Hexa.
What is the prefix for 7 atoms?
Hepta.
What is the prefix for 8 atoms?
Octa.
What is the prefix for 9 atoms?
Nona.
What is the prefix for 10 atoms?
Deca.
What happens if a compound has hydrogen present?
It has to go by a “common name”.
What is the common name for H20?
Water.
What is the common name for H2O2?
Hydrogen peroxide.
What is the common name for NH3?
Ammonia.
What is the common name for C3H8?
Propane.
What is the common name for CH4?
Methane.
What is the common name for CH3OH?
Methanol.
What is the common name for C2H5OH?
Ethanol.
What is the common name for C12O22H11?
Sucrose.
What is the common name for C6H12O6?
Glucose.
