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Science 9 (/10) > Unit A 3.0 > Flashcards

Unit A 3.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is DNA responsible for?

A

Variation

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3
Q

Is DNA inherited or herited?

A

Inherited

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4
Q

When was DNA first identified?

A

1869

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5
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Hint: 2 people

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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6
Q

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

Hint: not a male 😏 ✊💜

A

Rosalind Franklin

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7
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix

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8
Q

What are the 4 kinds of nucleotides?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
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9
Q

What are the pairings of the nucleotides?

A

A-T

G-C

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10
Q

T/F: the arrangement of the nucleotides are like a blueprint of yourself.

A

True

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11
Q

The ____________ of these four chemicals create a language that cells can read

A

Arrangements

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12
Q

What are the nucleotides read in? (Ex. Singles, doubles, etc.)

A

Triples

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13
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The arrangement of the genotypes made into a language the cells read.

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14
Q

T/F: The nucleotidal chemicals are the same for all species on Earth.

A

True

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15
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They’re are packages within the cell which contain the DNA.

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16
Q

What are chromosomes found in? (Ex. Singles, pairs, etc.)

A

Pairs.

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17
Q

T/F: One chromosome contains all the instructions for making an organism.

A

False. Only some.

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18
Q

Where are chromosomes contained?

A

In the nucleus of the cell

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19
Q

T/F: All species have the same number of chromosomes.

A

False. It varies from species to species

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20
Q

Does the composition of the chromosomes vary from species to species?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How many individual chromosomal strands do humans have in each cell?

A

46 strands

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22
Q

How many chromosomal pairs do humans have in each cell?

A

23 pairs

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23
Q

If an animal has more than one nucleus in a cell, are the chromosomes spread out between them or are they just all in one?

A

All in one

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24
Q

Are genetics currently accepted in the scientific world?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are genes responsible for?

A

Inheritance of an organism’s characteristic features.

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26
Q

What is a single gene?

A

An uninterrupted segment of DNA.

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27
Q

Where are genes located?

A

On the chromosomes.

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28
Q

T/F: Chromosomes have numerous gene locations

A

True.

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29
Q

What do genes come in? (Ex. Singles, pairs, etc.)

A

Pairs.

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30
Q

Does a pair of genes contain instructions for the same thing, or is each one different?

A

The same thing.

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31
Q

The same genes occupy ________ _________ on the chromosomes.

A

Matching locations.

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32
Q

Can the DNA code differ in each location?

A

Yes.

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33
Q

Are there different forms of genes coming from the parents?

A

Yes.

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34
Q

What are the different forms of genes called?

A

Alleles.

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35
Q

What is a codon?

A

A triplet of nucleotides (one word).

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36
Q

What is another word for nucleotides?

A

Nitrogenous bases.

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37
Q

What are the 2 things the wall of the DNA (not the rungs if the ladder, but the poles) is made of?

A
  1. Phosphates

2. Deoxyribose sugar

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38
Q

What holds the nucleotides together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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39
Q

What is the inside of the DNA?

A

The genetic code.

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40
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The composition of the chromosomes and how many there are.

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41
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

The DNA.

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42
Q

How are the chromosomes organized?

A

By size.

43
Q

Which are the letters for female?

A

XX.

44
Q

Which are the letters for male?

A

XY.

45
Q

What is an allele? (Written/Bb term)

A

One letter. B or b.

46
Q

What is a gene? (Written/Bb term)

A

Both letters together. BB/Bb/bb.

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH GENOTYPE BASED ON THIS ANSWER.

47
Q

Gene: ________.
Allele: ________.

A

Together

Apart

48
Q

When together (now a gene), the alleles are _________.

A

Expressed.

49
Q

What do alleles mean individually?

A

Nothing.

50
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

Offspring genetically identical to the parent.

51
Q

What does sexual reproduction produce?

A

Offspring genetically different to the parents.

52
Q

Where does binary fission occur?

A

In unicellular organisms.

53
Q

Give 2 examples of unicellular organisms.

A

Amoeba, paramecium.

54
Q

How are the cell contents divided between the two new cells in any kind of cell division?

A

Equally.

55
Q

What is the process that is essentially binary fission but it happens in multicellular organisms called?

A

Mitosis.

56
Q

How does Mitosis work?

A

You start with one cell.
That cell then makes an exact copy of its DNA (2n [n = # of chromosomes]).
This cell now has twice its normal amount of DNA.
Binary fission occurs; the cell splits in 2.
Now, we have 2 identical daughter cells with the right amount of DNA.
1 —> 2

57
Q

Where does mitosis happen?

A

On the body cells.

58
Q

What is mitosis responsible for in multicellular organisms?

A

Growth and cellular repair.

59
Q

What form of reproduction is mitosis?

A

Asexual.

60
Q

T/F: Mitosis happens in every single organism in every single cell.

A

True.

61
Q

How do body cells reproduce?

A

With mitosis.

62
Q

Since mitosis occurs in body cells, what is it called?

A

Somatic.

63
Q

List 2 factors of mitosis.

A

1 cell division, 2 identical offspring.

64
Q

What does sexual reproduction require?

A

The fusion of two gametes (sperm cell, egg cell).

65
Q

What would happen if each gamete had 23 pairs of chromosomes like the other cells?

A

The zygote would not survive if it had twice the amount of DNA it needed.

66
Q

What happens when the gametes fuse?

A

A zygote is formed.

67
Q

What comes after the zygote in the stages of reproduction?

A

An embryo.

68
Q

What is meiosis?

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH MITOSIS!

A

A type of cell division that produces cells with only half the DNA of a normal cell.

69
Q

What type of cell does meiosis create?

A

Gamete cells.

70
Q

How many cell divisions does mitosis have?

A

1.

71
Q

How many cell divisions does meiosis have?

A

2.

72
Q

How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?

A

2.

73
Q

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

A

4.

74
Q

Identical daughter cells:

A

Asexual

75
Q

Formation of sex cells:

A

Sexual

76
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains 2 copies of each chromosome (has twice its usual DNA).

77
Q

How does meiosis work?

A

You start with one cell.
That cell then makes an exact copy of its DNA (2n [n = # of chromosomes]).
This cell now has twice its normal amount of DNA.
The exchange of DNA happens, where the chromosomes start to mix and join together.
Then the 1st binary fission/cell division happens, taking half of the DNA into each new cell. However, since the DNA mixed together, each chromosome now has a little bit of the other chromosome on it.
The second binary fission happens, and we now have 4 NON-identical cells.
These are gametes.

78
Q

What type of cell are gametes?

A

Haploid cells; they have half the amount a normal cell does.

79
Q

Each product of meiosis now has half the normal amount any other cell has, so it has __ singular strands. What will happen when it joins with the other gamete?

A

23
It will have 46 individual strands and 23 pairs, creating a zygote and having the proper amount to be a genetically normal person.

80
Q

What does the process of meiosis ensure?

A

Variation.

81
Q

Meiosis is the reason that…

A

We’re all different.

82
Q

What form of reproduction is meiosis?

A

Sexual.

83
Q

Are gametes involved in mitosis at all?

A

No.

84
Q

What is selective/controlled breeding?

A

Breeding organisms with certain desired traits to get offspring with more desired traits.

85
Q

What is a way to see which organisms to breed in selective breeding?

A

Patterns of inheritance.

86
Q

What do genetics look at?

A

How heritable characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.

87
Q

Who did the work on genetics start with, and how did it start?

A

It started with Gregor Mendel, who traced patterns of inheritance through pea plants.

88
Q

What is a purebred organism?

A

One who’s ancestors ALL had the same form of a trait.

89
Q

What is a hybrid organism?

A

One who’s ancestors had different traits.

90
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

They’re those which are typically always expressed/observed if at least one is present.

91
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

They’re those which are only expressed/observed when two are present.

92
Q

What does the dominant trait do to the recessive trait?

A

It masks it.

93
Q

Define homozygous.

A

Purebred. Completely itself. BB, bb. Dominant or recessive shown, depending on whether it’s BB or bb.

94
Q

Define heterozygous.

A

Hybrid. Different alleles. Bb. Dominant is always shown.

95
Q

What is a genotype?

A

BB, Bb, bb. Those are all genotypes.

It’s the written code to show dominant and/or recessive traits.

96
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

Basically, the options. Not the combinations, but the possible outcomes.
Ex. Short, tall, brown, black, green, blue ,etc.

97
Q

What trait is written as the uppercase letter?

A

Dominant.

98
Q

What trait is written as the lowercase letter?

A

Recessive.

99
Q

When are dominant traits expressed?

A
  • When 2 dominant alleles are inherited

- When 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele are inherited

100
Q

When are recessive traits expressed?

A
  • When 2 recessive alleles are inherited
101
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A pattern of inheritance when the phenotype of the offspring matches neither of the parents, and are instead somewhere in between. Neither gene is truly recessive or truly dominant.

102
Q

What can environmental factors cause?

A

Change in weight, height, skin colour, hair colour, etc.

103
Q

If a baby gets deformed during pregnancy because of alcohol use by the parent, is that a genetic or environmental factor?

A

Environmental factor.

Science 9 (/10) (3 decks)

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