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Rhys's biology revision > Unit A1: cells, tissues and biological molecules. > Flashcards

Unit A1: cells, tissues and biological molecules. Flashcards

1
Q

can you explain the structure of the Nucleus?

A

surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains genetic information and controls metabolic activity in the cell.

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3
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus?

A

Dense region inside the nucleus.

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site of ribosome and RNA production.

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5
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

carries out aerobic respiration to provide ATP.

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6
Q

what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesize and transport carbs and lipids.

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7
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesize and transport proteins by attached ribosomes.

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8
Q

what is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

makes glycoproteins and lysosomes.

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9
Q

what is the function of vesicles?

A

transport materials in the cell.

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10
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

used to destroy damaged or worn out organelles.

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11
Q

what is the function of centrosomes?

A

forms the spindle fibres during cell division.

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12
Q

what are amino acids made of? - hint there are 4 things you need to mention.

A
  1. a carboxylic acid group. 2. an amino group. 3. a hydrogen. 4. the R group.
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13
Q

what forms a dipeptide?

A

two amino acids or peptide bond.

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14
Q

what forms a polypeptide?

A

long chains of amino acids (2 or more).

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15
Q

what is the bond called that links two carbohydrates together called?

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A

single carbon-carbon bonds, therefore making it straight.

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17
Q

describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

double carbon=carbon bond, therefore making it bent.

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18
Q

what are 3 uses of fats in living organisms?

A

protects organs, insulation, energy.

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19
Q

what are the 3 major groups of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids(cholesterol).

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20
Q

what does polar and non polar mean?

A

polar means charge and non polar means not charged.

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21
Q

what is the structure of triglycerides?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

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22
Q

what bond forms in a condensation reaction on a triglyceride?

A

an ester bond.

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23
Q

if a lipid is saturated, explain why it is a solid at room temperature?

A

because a saturated lipid has straight chains (packed closely together) and molecules cannot move.

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24
Q

if a lipid is unsaturated, explain why it is a liquid at room temperature?

A

because a unsaturated lipid has bent chains ( packed further apart) and molecules can move.

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25
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate.

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26
Q

what is the structure of all steroids like?

A

they all have a 4 ring structure.

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27
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction where molecules are joined together and water is removed.

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28
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a reaction where molecules are split apart and water is added.

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29
Q

what is the function of channel proteins?

A

hydrophilic centre allows passage of polar molecules through.

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30
Q

what is the function of carrier proteins?

A

use energy to transport substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport.

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31
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

receptors for cell signalling.

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32
Q

what is the role of cholesterol?

A

make membranes less fluid and more rigid.

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33
Q

what are glycolipids?

A

receptors for cell signaling.

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34
Q

glucose is stored where in animals?

A

muscle and liver cells.

35
Q

what are isomers?

A

same chemical formula but different structure. for example alpha and beta glucose.

36
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

the placement of the hydroxyl group (OH). this is because on alpha it is below carbon 1 and on beta it is above carbon 1. remember beta= beat u up.

37
Q

what is the function of monosaccharides?

A

source of energy as carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken is respiration.

38
Q

What elements of carbohydrates made from?

A

Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

39
Q

What are carbohydrates used in the body for?

A

ATP production, Energy storage and structural support.

40
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides join together?

A

They make a disaccharide.

41
Q

What happens when more than two monosaccharides join together?

A

They create a polysaccharide.

42
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

A

Soluble in water, form crystals and taste sweet.

43
Q

Name 3 parts of a phospholipid?

A

1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids.

44
Q

Name the 3 types of transport proteins?

A

Carrier proteins, channel proteins and extrinsic proteins

45
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

Change shape for transport of proteins through facilitating it through active transport. (Gate)

46
Q

What is the function of channel proteins?

A

They have a hydrophilic centre to allow polar and charged molecules through.

47
Q

What is the function of extrinsic proteins?

A

They are halfway through or beyond phospholipid bilayer and they attract water and act as receptors.

48
Q

what are the base pairs adenine and guanine called?

A

Purines.

49
Q

what are the base pairs cytosine and thymine called?

A

pyrimidines.

50
Q

what type of bonds form between the bases of DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds.

51
Q

name the subunit that makes up DNA?

A

nucleotides.

52
Q

what is the full name of ATP?

A

Adenine triphosphate.

53
Q

When does ATP release energy?

A

When bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate is hydrolysed (broken by adding water).

54
Q

what is a monomer?

A

individual subunits that can be the building blocks for larger molecules.

55
Q

monosaccharides are named in order of what?

A

The amount of carbon atoms they obtain. e.g C5 H10 O5 is named pentose because it has 5 carbons.

56
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha glucose contains a hydroxyl group below carbon 1. whereas on beta glucose the hydroxyl group is on top of carbon 1 (beat u up).

57
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

two molecules of alpha glucose join together with a condensation reaction as water is taken out and forms a 1-4 glycosidic bond.

58
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

in the muscle cells and the liver cells.

59
Q

what are 2 properties of glycogen and what is the advantage of them?

A

it is highly branched and allows glucose to be released quickly. It is also insoluble so it has no osmotic effect on cells so water will not move in and out by osmosis.

60
Q

explain the primary structure of proteins?

A

Thousands of amino acids linked together by condensation reactions to make a chain joined by peptide bonds. This means that different orders of amino acids make different proteins.

61
Q

explain the secondary structure of proteins?

A

There are 2 types Alpha helix which is a spiral shape and Beta pleated sheets which are folds. Both are held together by hydrogen bonds between the H’s and the O’s and they are both vulnerable to changes in PH and temperature.

62
Q

explain the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

specific 3rd shape of folding which has a Alpha helix, Beta sheet and
thousands of amino acids. There is also 4 types of bond- hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic/philic interactions.

63
Q

explain the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Not all proteins have this level. They consist of 3 or more polypeptide chains bonded together.

64
Q

what is the role of ATPase in a cell?

A

**Enzyme that hydrolyses ATP in a one step reaction **whenever energy is required in a cell.

65
Q

Explain the difference between ATP and ADP and how both interchange energy?

A

ATP is full energy but to change to ADP it releases water in a hydrolysis reaction this forms ADP+Pi which Pi is a phosphate ion. To then change ADP+Pi to ATP water is added in a condensation reaction.

66
Q

Where is the fluid mosaic model in the cell?

A

In the cell or plasma membrane.

67
Q

List 4 functions of the cell/plasma membrane?

A

Entry/exit of molecules, separate cell components, cell recognition, metabolic reactions.

68
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model made up of?

A

Hydrophobic tails of phospholipids and hydrophilic heads of phospholipids.

69
Q

what is the role of cholesterol in the fluid mosaic model?

A

maintains the fluidity.

70
Q

what is the role of channel proteins in the fluid mosaic model?

A

hydrophilic centre which allows polar and charged molecules through the phospholipid bilayer.

71
Q

what is the role of carrier proteins in the fluid mosaic model?

A

change shape for transport of proteins facilitating it through active transport.

72
Q

what is the role of extrinsic proteins in the fluid mosaic model?

A

halfway through the surface and are involved in cell signaling.

73
Q

what is the definition of diffusion?

A

movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This happens because of the random motion of particles.

74
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

molecules move from high concentration to low and it is a passive process that does not require any energy and unlike simple diffusion it diffuses with the aid of transport proteins e.g channel or carrier.

75
Q

what is active transport?

A

molecules move from low concentration to high concentration and it is a active process requiring energy and diffuses with the aid of transport proteins.

76
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

active transport that moves particles into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of the plasma membrane.

77
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

active transport that moves particles out of a cell when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

78
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

phagocytosis is where white blood cells recognise and engulf pathogens.

79
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosome pairs that carry the same genes in the same order.

80
Q

what are non homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosome pairs that carry different genes or have genes that are arranged differently.

81
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells as they have no function but can be differentiated into different cells when the old ones get worn out.

82
Q

what are totipotent stem cells? (Totally whole)

A

they are zygotes(fertilised egg cell) which can differentiate into any type of cell including a complete human.

83
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells?

A

cells from an embryo which can differentiate into any kind of tissue but not whole organism.

84
Q

what are multipotent stem cells?

A

umbilical cords and other types of bone marrow or tissue that can only differentiate into a few types of bone and blood cell.

Rhys's biology revision (2 decks)

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