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AP Psychology > Unit 9 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

aggression

A

a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to yourself, others, or objects in the environment. this type of behavior centers on harming another person either physically or mentally

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2
Q

influences of aggression

A

genetic- possibly linked to the Y chromosome
neural- centers in the brain such as the frontal lobe and limbic system
biochemical- testosterone
Learning and culture- seen more in individualist than collectivist cultures

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3
Q

central route of peruasion

A

(direct) attitudes change when interested people focus on the scientific evidence/arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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4
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

when people become aware of the inconsistencies (dissonance) between their attitudes and behavior, they become anxious and are motivated to make them constant

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5
Q

compliance

A

adjusting one’s behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

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6
Q

explicit compliance

A

direct request

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7
Q

implicit compliance

A

direct request

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8
Q

conditions that influence conformity

A

size of the group, status of the group, observation of the group, unanimity of the group

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9
Q

deindividuation

A

(mob mentality) loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
-mob behavior… no one can point you out, so again you feel less accountable for your individual actions

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10
Q

dispositional attribution

A

assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person rather than to outside forces. When we explain the behavior of others, we look for enduring internal attributions, such as personality traits.

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11
Q

foot in the door

A

tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a large one
-to get people to agree to something, you start small and build

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12
Q

framing

A

a type of cognitive bias or error in thinking. “Framing” refers to whether an option is presented as a loss (negative) or a gain (positive)

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13
Q

groupthink

A

way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making overrides the possible alternatives
-one doesn’t want to make waves…. so goes along with the rest of the group’s decision or the decision of the most vocal member

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14
Q

informational social influence

A

due to the fact that a group may provide valuable information, we want to accept the opinions of others. especially when concerning tough decisions

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15
Q

normative social influence

A

want to avoid rejection or gain social approval. so, we respect the norms of the group

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16
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

(indirect) attitudes change when people make snap judgments on incidental cues, like the attractiveness of a speaker

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17
Q

reciprocity norm

A

the expectation that we should return help not harm to those who have helped us

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18
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
-the social and cultural groups of other people lead us to treat them a certain way

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19
Q

self-serving bias

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
-the social and cultural groups of other people lead us to treat them a certain way

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20
Q

social facilitation

A

refers to improved performance on a task in the presence of others
-usually occurs with either simple or well-learned tasks, but not difficult or not-yet-mastered tasks

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21
Q

social loafing

A

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when working individually
-feel less accountable in a group… may view contribution as dispensible or not important

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22
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
-think back to blue eye/brown eye experiment-reading flashcard times in different groups

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23
Q

group polarization

A

enhances the group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion. if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
-can be beneficial OR harmful… usually leave more fired up

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24
Q

social psychology

A

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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25
Q

attribution

A

process of exploring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own, either by crediting the external situation, or internal disposition

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26
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to over attribute the behavior of others to internal (dispositional) factors, such as personal disposition

  • when it comes to our own behavior, we are much more aware and sensitive to how our behavior changes with the different situations we encounter, rather than our personality traits alone
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27
Q

self serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors (disposition) and one’s failures to external factors (situations).

often, this comes into play when one commits the fundamental attribution error

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28
Q

false consensus effect

A

when we see our own behavioral choices and judgements as relatively common and appropriate it to existing circumstances

-we think what we do is normal so everybody must do it

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29
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms/supports our prior beliefs or values

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30
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

our belief that the world is fair and consequently that the moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes

-people who do good are rewarded
-people who do bad are punished

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31
Q

halo effect

A

positive impression of a person/brand/company/country/product in one area positively/negatively influences our opinions or feelings in another area

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32
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

explains different ways of processing stimuli, why they’re used, and the outcomes/attitudes change

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33
Q

central route of persuasion

A

(direct) attitudes change when interested people focus on the scientific evidence/arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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34
Q

peripheral route of persuasion

A

(indirect) attitudes change when people make snap judgements on incidental cues, like attractiveness of a speaker

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35
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenom

A

tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a larger one

to get people to agree to something, you smart small and build

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36
Q

door-in-the-face phenomenon

A

asking first for a big favor (or one likely to be denied) then after being turned down, the askee agrees that the request was excessive and asks for something less… something that the person actually wanted in the first place

-because the person appears willing to compromise and because the request seems modest in comparison, it’s more likely to be granted than if it had been asked at the outset

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37
Q

social comparison theory

A

people value their own personal and social work by assessing how they compare to others

38
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

when people become aware of the inconsistencies (dissonance) between their attitudes and behavior, they become anxious and are motivated to make them consistent

39
Q

what did the subjects of zimbardo’s prison experiment admit to post-experiment

A

that they were so consumed in the experiment that they acted in ways they never would’ve outside of that role

40
Q

social roles

A

socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group

41
Q

social norms

A

a group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behaviors

42
Q

conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

43
Q

compliance

A

adjusting one’s behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

44
Q

obedience

A

change in behavior in response to the command of someone in a position of authority

45
Q

what did asch’s line study test

A

tested levels of conformity

46
Q

what is the significance of asch’s line study

A

shows the power of social psychology trends

47
Q

normative social influence

A

want to avoid rejection or gain social approval. so, we respect the norms of the group

48
Q

informative social influence

A

due to the fact that group may provide valuable information, we want to accept the opinions of others

-especially when concerning tough decision

49
Q

how does Milgram’s shock experiment apply to everyday life

A

people rationalize their obedience because they feel that the one telling them what to do is ultimately responsible for what happens

50
Q

social dilemma

A

situations where selfish behavior that benefits individuals in the short run may spell disaster for an entire group in the long run

51
Q

social facilitation

A

refers to improved performance on a task in the presence of others

-usually occurs with either simple or well-learned tasks, but not difficult or not-yet mastered tasks

52
Q

group polarization

A

enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion. if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes

-can be harmful or beneficial… usually leave more fired up

53
Q

prejudice

A

simply called, a prejudice is an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

54
Q

scapegoat theory

A

when prejudice is an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

55
Q

cognitive roots for prejudice

A

we quickly categorize people into groups based on easily identifiable traits and then we stereotype that group based off of the few experiences we’ve had with them

56
Q

contact hypothesis

A

stereotypes and prejudice toward a group diminishes as contact with the group increases

57
Q

genetic influences of aggression

A

animals have been bred for aggressiveness-for sport and at times for research. twin studies show aggression may be genetic. in men, aggression is possibly linked to the y chromosome

58
Q

neural influences of aggression

A

some centers in the brain such as the limbic system and frontal lobe are intimately involved with aggression

59
Q

biochemical influences to aggression

A

animals with diminished amounts of testosterone (costration) become docile, and if injected with testosterone aggression increases. prenatal exposure to testosterone also increases aggression in female hyenas

60
Q

learning and cultural influences on aggression

A

when aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive-seen more in individualist than collectivist cultures

cultural undertones of violence have a huge impact on violent tendencies in a population

61
Q

how do excitation transfers impact aggression

A

arousal from one experience may carry over to an independent situation

-key is, independent situation must trigger aggression

62
Q

how do aversive events and people impact aggression

A

studies show that those who are miserable often make others miserable

63
Q

how do stressful environments impact aggression

A

high temps, air pollution, and noise have all been found to increase aggressive tendencies

64
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

65
Q

social exchange theory

A

the decision to help another person is based on how much it will “cost” the person to help compared to how much it will help the person being helped

-like a risk to reward ratio

66
Q

reciprocity norm

A

the expectation that we should return help not harm to those who have helped us

67
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

largely learned, a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us in kind

68
Q

how does the clarity for need of help influence the social exchange theory

A

the more obvious the need for help, the more likely help will be given (most of the time)

69
Q

how does the presence of others influence the social exchange theory

A

Diffusion of responsibility:
if people are present, the responsibility for helping spreads amongst all present. this goes through someone’s head as a bystander

Bystander effect:
tendency where as the number of people present increases, the likelihood that even ONE person will help decreases

70
Q

how does the personality of helper influence the social exchange theory

A

feel good do good phenomenon- tendency of people to be more helpful and altruistic to others when in a good mood

71
Q

empathy altruism theory

A

people help for completely altruistic reasons and are usually motivated by the desire to increase another person’s well being

-depends on how much empathy you have for someone

72
Q

evolutionary theory

A

people help relatives because it increases the chance that the helper’s genes will survive in the future

73
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases one’s liking of that item

-in other words … the more you are around someone new, the more you grow to like them

74
Q

how does similarity effect attraction

A

having similar views between individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen

especially in religious views, political views, and family values

75
Q

matching hypothesis

A

states that people tend to date, marry, or form other committed relationships with those who are similar in physical attractiveness

76
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

77
Q

compassionate love

A

deep, intimate attachment…marked by mutual concern for the welfare of each other
less arousing but psychologically more intimate than passionate love
includes things like: equity-when one receives what s/he gives in a relationship, and self disclosure-revealing intimate details about yourself

78
Q

makeup of “liking”

A

intimacy

79
Q

makeup of compassionate love

A

intimacy+commitment

80
Q

makeup of empty love

A

commitment

81
Q

makeup of fatuous love

A

passion+commitment

82
Q

makeup of infatuation

A

passion

83
Q

makeup of romantic love

A

passion+intimacy

84
Q

makeup of consummate love

A

intimacy + passion + commitment

85
Q

self-concept

A

an individual’s sense of self in regards to society and personal norms, when creating our self concept we compare ourselves to the norms of society

this is a play off of social norms

we compare ourselves to norms of society and use them to shape our self concept

86
Q

what was kenneth clark’s doll test about

A

whether or not the separate but equal norm of society impacted the way black children viewed themselves

87
Q

what was the conclusion of kenneth clark’s doll test

A

prejudice, discrimination, and segregation caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority and self hatred

88
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

89
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

the social and cultural groups of other people lead us to treat them a certain way

90
Q

social traps

A

situations where we pursue our personal interests at the cost of our collective well-being

91
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

as we see our enemy as untrustworthy and evil

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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