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AP Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

basic building blocks of nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

receive, process, and transmit electromagnetic information to muscles, glands and each other

A

neurons

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of neurotransmitters/chemical messengers

A

acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
endorphins

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4
Q

nervous system

A

the electrochemical communication system that carries information to and from all parts of the body

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5
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal chord
reflexes

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6
Q

PNS

A

nerves and neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
carries incoming messages to your brain and outgoing signals to your muscles and glands

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7
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming messages

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8
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains the nucleus of a neuron

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9
Q

nucleus of a neuron

A

makes the decision to fire or not to fire the message that the dendrite receives

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue that insulates the axon, speeding up transmission of the message

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11
Q

node of ranvier

A

space between the myelin sheaths

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12
Q

axon

A

longest part of the neuron which the electrical message travels the length of

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13
Q

schwann cells

A

non-neuronal cells in the CNS that form a myelin sheath

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14
Q

axon terminal buds

A

the end point of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, hense sending the message on to the next neuron

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15
Q

resting potential

A

when a neuron is NOT firing, and has a negative charge with mostly potassium ions inside and mostly sodium ions outside

meaning that the neuron is polarized when opposites are AWAY from each other

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16
Q

polarization in a neuron

A

at resting potential, when sodium is on the outside, potassium on the inside of a neuron

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17
Q

at this state, a neuron is at homeostasis

A

polarized state

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18
Q

action potential

A

“nerve impulse” (electrical pulse/message that travels down the length of the axon) - causes the neuron to fire

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19
Q

all or nothing principle

A

when the nucleus decides to fire, it fires down the axon completely (all the way) or not at all

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20
Q

depolarization in a neuron

A

when a message begins, sodium ions come in and depolarize or neutralize section of axon

when opposites are no longer away from each other. this happens with action potential like a domino effect

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21
Q

refractory period

A

potassium ions are pushed out and neuron pauses to reload

the period of time after firing that the neuron is focused on resetting and therefore is unable to fire again

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22
Q

synapse

A

a gap or open space between neurons, and therefore is not a part of the firing process

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23
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that crosses the synapse to carry the message to the next neuron

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24
Q

receptor sites

A

specific points on dendrites of neurons that receive specific types of neurotransmitters

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25
Q

primary role of acetylcholine

A

muscle contractions, memory, and learning

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26
Q

disorders associated with acetylcholine

A

alzheimer’s disease

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27
Q

primary role of dopamine

A

movement, thought process, rewarding sensation

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28
Q

disorders associated with dopamine

A

parkinson’s, schizophrenia, drug addiction

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29
Q

primary role of serotonin

A

emotional states, sleep

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30
Q

disorders associated with serotonin

A

depression

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31
Q

primary role of norepinephrine

A

physical arousal, learning, and memory

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32
Q

disorders associated with norepinephrine

A

depression and stress

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33
Q

primary role of GABA

A

inhibition of brain activity

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34
Q

disorders associated with GABA

A

anxiety disorders

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35
Q

primary role of endorphins

A

pain perception, positive emotions, “runner’s high”

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36
Q

disorders associated with endorphins

A

opiate addiction

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37
Q

similarities (2) between agonists and antagonists

A

both are outside/external substances that somehow interact with neurotransmitters at the receptor sites on dendrites of a neuron

both interact differently at the receptor sites

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38
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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39
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the PNS

controls involuntary functions or items that happen automatically within our body-breathing, heartbeat, digestion, etc…

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40
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system

physically arouses the body, preparing it to act/react in stressful situations, expanding energy. initiates fight or flight

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41
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system

calms the body, conserving its energy and helping keep a constant internal state (returns body to homeostasis). Initiates rest and digestion

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42
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

contains the spine and the brain, in the center of the body

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43
Q

what is the brain’s role in the CNS

A

the neural center of the body, the body’s control center

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44
Q

what is the spinal cord’s role in the CNS

A

super highway of nerves-the body’s means of transmitting messages to and from the brain

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45
Q

interneurons

A

the only neurons in the CNS, acting as messengers between sensory and motor neurons

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46
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

carries outgoing information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and muscles

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47
Q

functions of sympathetic nervous system

A

inhibits digestion
stimulates glucose release by liver
stimulates release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal gland
dilates pupils
increases breathing and heartrate to oxygenate blood

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48
Q

functions of parasympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates digestion
contracts pupils
slows breathing and heartrate

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49
Q

endocrine system

A

communicates with the brain using chemical messages, hormones

hormones are released into and circulate through the bloodstream at specific sites
works in parallel with the parasympathetic NS to sustain our basic processes

in a crisis, it works to support the sympathetic system when responding to a stressful situation

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50
Q

5 parts of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
gonads
pancreas

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51
Q

what does the pituitary gland do in the endocrine system

A

regulates activity of all other glands in the endocrine
it’s directed by the hypothalamus and sends out hormone signals to other endocrine glands

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52
Q

what does the thyroid gland do in the endocrine system

A

produces hormone thyroxine which stimulates chemicals important to all body tissues and regulates metabolism, physical growth and development, and calcium rate

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53
Q

what does the adrenal gland do in the endocrine system

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to help individuals generate extra energy to deal with difficult situations and to regulate the fight or flight response and metabolism

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54
Q

what do gonads do in the endocrine system

A

testes: releases the hormone testosterone

ovaries: release the hormones estrogen and progesterone

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55
Q

what does the pancreas do in the endocrine system

A

regulate the level of sugar/glucose in the blood

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56
Q

brain lesion

A

experimentally destroys brain tissue to study behaviors after such destruction

usually done for scientific or medicinal purposes

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57
Q

EEG

A

an amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on scalp

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58
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of tissue

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59
Q

fMRI

A

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

the patient interacts with information during the scan to show that activity

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60
Q

PET scan

A

positron emission tomography

a process that’s used to observe metabolic processes in the body and brain

patient ingests a radioactive form of glucose, PET takes pictures of it being used in the body/brain

61
Q

CAT (CT) scan

A

computerized tomography

combines a series of x-ray images to allow taken from different angles, that create cross-sectional images of the body (bone) and brain

62
Q

function of medulla

A

controls heartbeat

63
Q

reticular formation function

A

band of neurons that go up the brainstem-controls alertness, ability to wake up in the morning

64
Q

function of pons

A

control ability to go through sleep stages and breathing

65
Q

function of cerebellum

A

controls movement, balance, coordination

66
Q

thalamus function

A

information taken in goes here and then thalamus decides correct place to send the information

67
Q

hypothalamus function

A

controls drives (hunger, thirst, etc) and pituitary gland

68
Q

amygdala function

A

controls extreme fear and behaviors

69
Q

hippocampus function

A

controls and processes all new memories and learning

70
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

medulla (breathing/heart rate/swallowing
pons (sleeping)
cerebellum (balance/movement)

71
Q

parts of midbrain

A

reticular formation (attention/arousal)

72
Q

parts of forebrain

A

thalamus (responsible for all senses but smell)
hypothalamus (pituitary gland/hormones)
hippocampus (memory/learning)
amygdala (emotions)
limbic system

73
Q

functions of limbic system

A

emotion, behavior, motivation, learning, and memory

74
Q

parts of limbic system

A

hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
corpus callosum
thalamus

75
Q

the outermost layer of the cerebrum, and the most prominent part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

76
Q

what does the cerebrum do

A

responsible for most of the sophisticated information processing in the brain

77
Q

what is the make up of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

motor complex
sensory complex

78
Q

controls functions like judgement, planning, producing speech sounds, emotions, personality, temperament, movement, and works with the motor cortex to make precise movements

A

frontal lobe

79
Q

what is the motor cortex responsible for

A

the voluntary movement of parts of the body

movements that are precise and delicate

80
Q

what does the parietal lobe control

A

body position,
spatial reasoning (like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain),
somatosensory cortex

81
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex responsible for

A

perceiving touch and pressure on parts of the body

82
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex located

A

at the front of the parietal lobe

83
Q

what functions does the temporal lobe control

A

hearing
storing long term memories
speech and language
understanding

84
Q

where is the auditory cortex

A

in the temporal lobe

85
Q

what is the auditory cortex responsible for

A

sense of hearing

86
Q

what does the occipital lobe control

A

all functions of vision

87
Q

where is the visual cortex and what is its role

A

inside of the occipital lobe

receives images from the eyes and transform them into meaningful stimuli

88
Q

what side of the brain are the broca and wernicke areas on

A

the left
(left–>language)

89
Q

where is the broca’s area

A

left frontal lobe

90
Q

what does the broca’s area do

A

directs muscle movements involved in speech

physical formation and movement of speech

91
Q

where is the wernicke’s area

A

in left temporal lobe

92
Q

does the wernicke’s area do

A

involved in language comprehension and expression

93
Q

what is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for

A

speech, grammar, reading, writing, arithmetic
verbal memory
language, sounds
words, letters

94
Q

what is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for

A

geometry, sense of direction, distance, mental rotation of shapes
emotional tone of speech
nonverbal memory
non-language sounds, music
geometric patterns, faces, emotional expression

95
Q

the two hemispheres of the brain communicate and share information through what

A

the corpus callosum

96
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness)

continued use produces tolerance

A

psycholactive drugs

97
Q

tolerance (in reference to drugs)

A

with repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. thus it takes bigger doses to get the desired effect

98
Q

symptoms of physical addiction to psychoactive drugs

A

intense cravings

99
Q

symptoms of physical withdrawal from psychoactive drugs

A

physical pain, hallucinations, vomiting, sweating

100
Q

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

101
Q

kinds of depressants

A

alcohol
barbiturates
opiates (narcotics)

102
Q

how does alcohol effect someone at low doses

A

relaxes drinker by slowin down sympathetic nervous system (lowering inhibitions and judgements)

103
Q

how does alcohol affect a drinker in high doses

A

reactions slow, speech slurs, and skilled performance deteriorates

104
Q

how does alcohol affect memory

A

it disrupts the processing of recent events into long term memory, reduces self-awareness, and focuses one’s attention on the immediate situation

105
Q

how do barbiturates affect a user

A

depresses CNS activity and in large doses, can lead to impaired memory and judgement

106
Q

how do opiates/narcotics depress a user

A

depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

107
Q

what type of drug is heroin

A

opiate-depressant

108
Q

how does heroin affect a user

A

user gets 3-5 hours of blissful pleasure and is followed by craving another fix, the need for larger dosages, and physical withdrawal symptoms

109
Q

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

stimulants

110
Q

what are the 5 types of stimulants

A

caffeine
amphetamines
methamphetamine
cocaine
ecstasy

111
Q

what are physical withdrawal symptoms of coffee

A

headaches, irritability, and drowsiness

112
Q

what does caffeine increase in your body

A

attentiveness and improves mood by mimicking adenosine

113
Q

what bad things can caffeine produce

A

restlessness and insomnia
and (@ high dosages) increased heart rate

114
Q

what do amphetamines do

A

suppress appetite
increase concentration
reduce fatigue
can increases anxiety and irritability

115
Q

effects of methamphetamine

A

(smoked or injected)
after using, one crashes-symptoms of fatigue, deep sleep, intense mental depression, increased appetite

often includes insomnia, irritability, hypertension, seizures, periods of disorientation, and occasional violent behavior

116
Q

what happens when one inhales or snorts cocaine

A

reaches the brain quickly-produces intense euphoria, mental alertness, and self-confidence which lasts for several minutes

blocks the reuptake of dopamine… so the brain is flooded with dopamine

117
Q

effects of using acstasy

A

decline in memory and performance on IQ tests

118
Q

what does ecstacy do

A

increases empathy, peacefulness, and the person feels calm or elated; yet they also seem to have an unending supply of energy

119
Q

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

hallucinogens/ psychedelics

120
Q

types of hallucinogens

A

lsd
marijuana

121
Q

lsd’s effects during “the trip”

A

visual distortions and hallucinations
emotions very intense and unstable and impaired thoughts

122
Q

what happens during bad trips while on lsd

A

terrifying and users are iin a state of panic
feel as if they will go mad and never come out

123
Q

flashbacks after using lsd

A

have sudden brief recurrences of the trip weeks or months after use without warning

124
Q

this drug produces feeling of elation, rpomotes relacation, relieves inhibitions, relieves anxiety, and increases sensitivity to sights, sounds, and touch-causes sense of time to be distorted

A

marijuana

125
Q

effects of using marijuana

A

impairs attention or coordination
slows reaction time

interferes with:
concentration, logical thinking, ability to form new memories, and ability to hold in mind what is said

126
Q

what is chronic use of marijuanna associated with

A

loss of motivation and general apathy

causes respiratory damage faster than cigarette smoking
heavy use or abuse affects reproductive system

127
Q

three types of influences on drug use

A

biological
social-cultural
psychological

128
Q

biological influences on drug use

A

genetic tendencies
dopamine reward circuit

129
Q

social-cultural influences on drug use

A

urban environment
belonging to drug-using cultural group
peer influences

130
Q

psychological influences on drug use

A

lacking sense of purpose
significant stress
psychological disorders such as depression

131
Q

what stages of sleep are considered part of NREM

A

stages 1-4

132
Q

what brain waves are there during the first stage of sleep

A

mix of alpha and theta brain waves

133
Q

what happens during stage 1 of sleep

A

drifting to sleep
experience fantastic images or auditory hallucinations

134
Q

what chemicals are sent in the brain during stage 2 of sleep

A

sleep spindles
K complexes
theta brain waves
beginnings of delta brain waves

135
Q

what happens during stage 2 of sleep

A

more relaxed
clearly asleep
sleep spindles occur

136
Q

brain waves sent during stage 3 of sleep

A

theta and delta waves

137
Q

what happens during the third stage of sleep

A

transitional stage to deeper sleep

138
Q

what brain waves are sent during stage 4 of sleep

A

delta brain waves

139
Q

what happens during the fourth stage of sleep

A

deepest sleep
hard to awaken
only occurs first few cycles of the night

140
Q

what is rem also known as

A

paradoxical sleep

141
Q

what brain waves are sent during rem

A

fast, active brain waves
rapid eye movement

142
Q

what happens during rem

A

after reaching stage4, sleep scycle moves back towards stage 1

brain engages in low amplitude, fast, and regular beta waves

143
Q

how long does each sleep cycle last

A

about 90 minutes

144
Q

what are circadian rhythms controlled by

A

the hypothalamus (SCN)

145
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

difficulty focusing
diminished productivity
greater tendency to make mistakes
irritability and fatigue
diminished immune system
hallucinations

146
Q

4 sleep theories

A

sleep:
protects
recuperates
helps remembering
helps growth

147
Q

story-like unfolding mental imagery-most commonly dreams have some degree of likeness to daily activities, yet tend to be more bizarre and unrealistic

A

dreams

148
Q

3 reasons we dream

A

wish fulfillment
information processing
physiological function

149
Q

how do dreams promote physiological function

A

provide sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways

neural networks of newborns are fast developing and therefore need more sleep

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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