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Psychology > Unit 9 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of different types of experiments?

A

laboratory
field
quasi
natural

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2
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

takes place in a controlled environment
not necessarily in lab
researchers manipulates IV and records effect on DV
very determinist

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3
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

takes place in a natural, everyday setting

researcher manipulates IV and records the effect on DV

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4
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

the IV is based on an existing difference between people e.g age
no-one manipulates the IV

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5
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

researchers takes advantage of a pre-existing IV

the Iv is not brought about by researcher, it would of happened if the researcher was not there

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6
Q

What is an example of lab study?

A

Milgram’s

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7
Q

What are the strengths of a lab study?

A

easy to replicate as standardized procedure

control of extraneous and independent variables

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8
Q

What are the limitations of a lab study?

A

the fakeness of setting may cause unnatural behaviour , that does not reflect real life - low ecological validity
demand characteristics or researcher may bias the results and become confounding variables

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9
Q

What are the strengths of a field study?

A

behaviour is most likely to reflect real life because of its natural setting - high ecological validity
less likelihood of demand characteristics to affect results as participants might not know they are being studied.

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10
Q

What are the limitations of a field study?

A

there is less control over extraneous variables that might bias the results. This makes it harder for another researcher to replicate the study in the same way

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11
Q

What are the strengths of a natural study?

A

behavior is most likely to reflect real life because of its natural setting - high ecological validity
there is less likelihood of demand characteristics affecting results, as participants might not know they are being studied
can be used in situations in which it would be ethically unacceptable to manipulate the IV e.g researching stress

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12
Q

What are the limitations of a natural study?

A

they may be more expensive and time consuming compared to lab
there is no control over extraneous variables that might bias the results. Makes it difficult to replicate the same again

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13
Q

Def for ecological validity

A

the degree to which investigation represents real-life experiences

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14
Q

Def for demand characteristics

A

the clues in an experiment that lead the participants to think they know what the researcher is looking for

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15
Q

Def for independent variable

A

variable that the researcher manipulates - changes

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16
Q

Def for dependent variable

A

variable the researcher measures - stays the same

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17
Q

Def for extraneous variable

A

all variables, which are not independent variables, but could affect the DV of the experiment

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18
Q

Def for confounding variable

A

variables that affect the results (DV), apart from IV.

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19
Q

Def for random allocation

A

randomly allocating participants to IV conditions means that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in each condition

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20
Q

Def of aims

A

a statement of what the researcher intends to find out in a research study

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21
Q

Def of hypothesis

A

a precise and testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables

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22
Q

Def of operationalise

A

making sure that variables are in a form that can be easily tested

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23
Q

Def of standardised procedures

A

a set of procedures that are the same for all participants in order to be able to repeat the study

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24
Q

Def of directional hypothesis

A

states the direction of the prediction

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25
Q

Def of non-directional hypothesis

A

states that there is a difference between the groups but does not state the direction

26
Q

What are the 3 types of experimental design?

A
  • independent group
  • repeated measure
  • matched pairs
27
Q

What is independent group design?

A

participants are allocated to groups representing different levels of the IV.

28
Q

What is repeated measure design?

A

each participants go through each condition of the IV

29
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A

participants are paired up in terms of key variable e.g age, IQ. Each member goes through a different condition

30
Q

What are the limitations of independent group design?

A
  • cannot control the effects of participants variable e.g their abilities
  • need more participants than repeated measure to end up with the same amount of data
31
Q

What are the limitations of repeated measure design?

A
  • order effect - participants may assume the answers because they have guessed the purpose and desired answers of the study
32
Q

What are the limitations of matched pairs design?

A
  • very time consuming and difficult to match participants to key variables
33
Q

How do you overcome order effects?

A

counterbalancing

34
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

an experimental technique which is used to overcome order effects when using a repeated measure design

35
Q

What are the 2 ways to counterbalance?

A
  • AB or BA - which is where group one does condition A then B, and group 2 does condition B first then A
  • ABBA - all participants take part in each condition twice and then compare the scores
36
Q

How can you overcome lack of control of participant variable?

A

randomly allocate - as it distributes participant variables evenly as it is random

37
Q

What is random allocation?

A

allocating participants to experimental groups using random techniques

38
Q

What are the 5 sample types?

A
  • stratified
  • random
  • volunteer
  • opportunity
  • systematic
39
Q

What is a stratified sample?

A

define relevant levels then randomly select

40
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

use and list and choose the ‘nth’ term person

41
Q

What is a random sample?

A

use numbering system / computer

42
Q

What is a volunteer sample?

A

advertise and accept applicants

43
Q

What is an opportunity sample?

A

ask whoever is convenient

44
Q

What is sampling?

A

the process of selecting a group to participant in a study

45
Q

When is correlation used?

A

when we cant make a hypothesis

46
Q

What is a correlation?

A

determines the extent of an association between two variables (co-variables)

47
Q

What is the def of co-variables?

A

the two variables in a correlation

48
Q

What are 5 correlations?

A 
zero correlation 
positive correlation 
negative correlation
linear correlation
curvilinear correlation
49
Q

What is a zero correlation?

A

variables are not linked

50
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

both variables increased

51
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

both variables decreased

52
Q

What is a linear correlation?

A

creates straight line

53
Q

What is a curvilinear correlation?

A

creates a curved line

54
Q

What type of graph are correlations presented on?

A

scattergram

55
Q

What is correlation coefficient?

A

percentage of confidence. The strength and direction of a correlation

56
Q

What are 6 types of observation?

A 
overt
covert
controlled
naturalistic
participant
non-participant
57
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

nothing is changed e.g watching children interact

58
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

researcher changes the situation e.g Ainsworth’s strange situation

59
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

when the participants know about the study

60
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

when the participants dont know about the study

61
Q

What is a participant observation?

A

observers is part of the group they’re watching

62
Q

What is a non-participant observation?

A

observer watched from a distance

Psychology (11 decks)

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