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Psychology > Issue And Debates > Flashcards

Issue And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 different topics?

A

Gender bias Vs Culture bias

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2
Q

What is gender bias?

A

When one gender is treated less favourable than the other

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3
Q

What are the different types of gender bias?

A

Alpha bias

Beta bias

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4
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

When the difference between men and women are exaggerated

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5
Q

What is beta bias?

A

When the difference between men and women are minimised

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6
Q

What is the example of alpha bias?

A

Freuds research (psychosexual development theory)

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7
Q

How is Freud’s research an example of alpha bias?

A
  • his research is based on what culture was like when he was alive. Men were more superior than women as they were better educated and more powerful
  • in his psychosexual development theory he suggested that women were less mature than men due to their superego being less developed and inferior as they don’t have a penis.
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8
Q

What is the example of Beta bias?

A

Fight-or-flight stress response

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9
Q

How is the fight-or-flight response an example on beta bias?

A
  • the stress response is based on research on male animals as female animals have variations in hormone levels which makes it difficult to do research. This suggests that males and females have the same stress response
  • however Taylor challenges this and found out that female produce a tend-or-befriend response to stress which is adaptive as ensures the survival of their offspring
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10
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

Centred or focused on men, often ignores women

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11
Q

What is universality?

A

The aim to develop theories that apply to all people, which include real differences.

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12
Q

What is determinism?

A

all behaviour is determined and predictable

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13
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

single cause and effect

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14
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

cause and effect but considers many causes

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of determinism?

A
  • biological
  • scientific
  • environmental
  • psychic
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16
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

certain genes cause behaviours e.g MAOA causes aggression

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17
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

experiences shape what we do e.g phobias

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18
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

internal unconscious factors decide our behaviour

19
Q

What is scientific determinism?

A

all events have a cause - IV changes the DV e.g attachment

20
Q

What are the two levels of determinism?

A

hard and soft

21
Q

What is free will?

A

individuals have the power to make choices about their own behaviour

22
Q

What are the 2 types of free will?

A

humanism

moral responsibility

23
Q

What is humanism?

A

Maslow / Rogers say self-determination is crucial for self-actualisation and happiness

and that we must take responsibility to change ourselves

24
Q

What is moral responsibility?

A

society assumes “normal” adult males own their decisions and are responsible

25
Q

What is cultural bias?

A

is the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions

26
Q

What is cultural alpha bias?

A

refers to theories which suggest that there are real differences between cultures e.g Freud

27
Q

What is cultural beta bias?

A

refers to theories which minimise or ignore the differences between cultures e.g Ainsworth

28
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

use of their own culture as a judgement of other cultures

29
Q

What is alpha bias in ethnocentrism?

A

own culture is seen as better so other cultures devalued

30
Q

What is beta bias in ethnocentrism?

A

when psychologists believe that their view on the world is the only one

31
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

is the opposite of ethnocentrism - all cultures are respected and by studying one culture we need to understand how other cultures view the world too.

32
Q

What is cultural relativism alpha bias?

A

where the assumptions of real differences lead to psychologists over looking universals (particular group)

33
Q

What is cultural relativism beta bias?

A

assuming that the same rules apply universally

34
Q

What is an example of cultural relativism beta bias?

A

misdiagnosis - in SZ study where doctors in America gave different diagnosis compared to in the UK

35
Q

What is nurture?

A

environmental factors can influence our behaviour

36
Q

What is nature?

A

behaviour is a product of genes

37
Q

What are 2 examples of a nature explanation?

A

genes - family, twin, adoption studies

e. g the concordance rate for SZ
- MZ twins (genetically the same) had a concordance rate of 40%
- DZ (share 50% of the same genes) had a concordance rate of 7%

evolutionary -

38
Q

What are 2 examples of a nurture explanation?

A
  • behaviourism - behaviourists assume that all our behaviour can be explained by experiences alone
    e.g attachment can be explained through classical and operant conditioning
    classical - food is associated with the mother who feeds the baby
    operant - food reduces the discomfort from hunger and therefore it is rewarding

Social Learning Theory

39
Q

What are some evaluation points about the gender and culture argument?

A
  • double standards - women do the same as men but are often judged unfairly because we assume that there are innate differences
  • beta bias in culture could cause harm to patients e.g wrong diagnoses and treatments which could cause antibiotics resistance
40
Q

What is idiographic?

A
  • focuses on the individual and recognition of uniqueness

- qualitative methods used

41
Q

What is nomothetic?

A
  • attempts to establish laws and generalisations about people
  • quantitative methods used
42
Q

What is an example of nomothetic?

A
  • classifying people into groups - DSM-V for classifying people with mood disorders
43
Q

What is an example of idiographic?

A

humanistic approach - emphasises the individual

Psychology (11 decks)

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