Unit 9 - Developmental Psychology

Question 1

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Answer 2

Zygote

Question 3

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Answer 3

Embryo

Question 4

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Answer 4

Fetus

Question 5

(Literally, “monster maker”) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 5

Teratogens

Question 6

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Answer 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Question 7

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Answer 7

Habituation

Question 8

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 8

Maturation

Question 9

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 9

Cognition

Question 10

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 10

Schema

Question 11

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 11

Assimilation

Question 12

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 12

Accommodation

Question 13

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 13

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 14

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 14

Object permanence

Question 15

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 15

Preoperational stage

Question 16

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Answer 16

Conservation

Question 17

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Answer 17

Egocentrism

Question 18

People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Answer 18

Theory of Mind

Question 19

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 19

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Question 20

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 20

Concrete operational stage

Question 21

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people behind to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 21

Formal operational stage

Question 22

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Answer 22

Stranger anxiety

Question 23

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Answer 23

Attachment

Question 24

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 24

Critical period

Question 25

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

Answer 25

Imprinting

Question 26

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 26

Temperament

Question 27

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Answer 27

Basic trust

Question 28

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Answer 28

Self-concept

Question 29

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Answer 29

Gender

Question 30

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 30

Aggression

Question 31

A set of expected behaviors for males or for females

Answer 31

Gender role

Question 32

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 32

Role

Question 33

Our sense of being male or female

Answer 33

Gender identity

Question 34

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Answer 34

Social learning theory

Question 35

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Answer 35

Gender typing

Question 36

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Answer 36

Transgender

Question 37

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Answer 37

Adolescence

Question 38

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 38

Identity

Question 39

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Answer 39

Social identity

Question 40

The ability to form close, loving relationships(😘❤️); a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 40

Intimacy

Question 41

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Answer 41

Emerging adulthood

Question 42

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two __ chromosomes; males have one. A(n) __ chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Answer 42

X chromosome

Question 43

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with a(n) __ chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Answer 43

Y chromosome

Question 44

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional ______ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Answer 44

Testosterone

Question 45

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable or reproducing

Answer 45

Puberty

Question 46

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Answer 46

Primary sex characteristics

Question 47

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Answer 47

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 48

The first menstrual period😑

Answer 48

Menarche

Question 49

A life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ____ depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

Answer 49

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 50

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation)

Answer 50

Sexual orientation

Question 51

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 51

Menopause

Question 52

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 52

Cross-sectional study

Question 53

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 53

Longitudinal study

Question 54

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 54

Social clock