Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology AP > Unit 2- Research Methods And Statistics > Flashcards

Unit 2- Research Methods And Statistics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variables

A

Experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

Basic research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

A

Operational definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

Control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

A

Reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like

A

Sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity

A

Representative sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A sample that is drawn from a number of separate strata of the population, rather than at random from the whole population

A

Stratified sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions

A

Laboratory experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world (or as many experimentalists like to say, naturally occurring environments) rather than in the laboratory.

A

Field experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

Confounding variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between the different groups

A

Random assignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment

A

Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Researchers attempt to categorize the subjects and ensure that the control group has members similar to those in the experimental group

A

Group-matching

28
Q

Occurs when a researcher unconsciously affects results, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence

A

Experimenter bias

29
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies

A

Double-blind procedure

30
Q

An experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments

A

Single-blind procedure

31
Q

Phenomenon in which the results of elections, studies, polls, etc. become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome

A

Participant bias

32
Q

Describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting “good behavior” or under-reporting “bad”, or undesirable behavior

A

Social desirability

33
Q

The alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed

A

Hawthorne effect

34
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

Placebo effect

35
Q

Exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases

A

Positive correlation

36
Q

When two variables have an inverse relationship. This means that as one variable increases, the other decreases, and vice versa

A

Negative correlation

37
Q

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey

38
Q

Refers to the number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a percentage.

A

Response rate

39
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic observation

40
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case study

41
Q

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

A

Descriptive statistics

42
Q

A summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores

A

Fluency distribution

43
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

44
Q

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half are below

A

Median

45
Q

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A

Mode

46
Q

A person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system

A

Outliers

47
Q

A bias toward one particular group or subject

A

Skew

48
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

49
Q

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard deviation

50
Q

The fact or quality of being different, divergent, or inconsistent

A

Variance

51
Q

Indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean

A

Z score

52
Q

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

A

Normal curve

53
Q

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

A

Correlation

54
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1 to 1)

A

Correlation coefficient

55
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggest the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

A

Scatterplot

56
Q

A straight line drawn through the center of a group of data points plotted on a scatter plot

A

Line of best fit

57
Q

A straight line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes

A

Regression line

58
Q

Numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer form sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

Inferential statistics

59
Q

Error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken

A

Sampling error

60
Q

The probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

A

P value

61
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

Statistical significance

62
Q

A committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

63
Q

The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats

A

Coercion

64
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed consent

65
Q

The lack of outstanding, individual, or unusual features; impersonality

A

Anonymity

66
Q

Having another’s trust or confidence; entrusted with secrets or private affairs

A

Confidentiality

67
Q

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

Debriefing

Psychology AP (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions