Unit 2- Research Methods And Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight bias

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2
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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3
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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4
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variables

A

Experiment

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6
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied research

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7
Q

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

Basic research

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8
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

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9
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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10
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

A

Operational definition

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11
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

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12
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

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13
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling bias

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14
Q

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

Control group

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15
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

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16
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

A

Reliability

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17
Q

A small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like

A

Sample

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18
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

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19
Q

A small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity

A

Representative sample

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20
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random sample

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21
Q

A sample that is drawn from a number of separate strata of the population, rather than at random from the whole population

A

Stratified sample

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22
Q

An experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions

A

Laboratory experiment

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23
Q

Applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world (or as many experimentalists like to say, naturally occurring environments) rather than in the laboratory.

A

Field experiment

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24
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

Confounding variable

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25
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between the different groups
Random assignment
26
A group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment
Control
27
Researchers attempt to categorize the subjects and ensure that the control group has members similar to those in the experimental group
Group-matching
28
Occurs when a researcher unconsciously affects results, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence
Experimenter bias
29
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Double-blind procedure
30
An experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments
Single-blind procedure
31
Phenomenon in which the results of elections, studies, polls, etc. become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome
Participant bias
32
Describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior
Social desirability
33
The alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed
Hawthorne effect
34
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Placebo effect
35
Exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases
Positive correlation
36
When two variables have an inverse relationship. This means that as one variable increases, the other decreases, and vice versa
Negative correlation
37
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Survey
38
Refers to the number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a percentage.
Response rate
39
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Naturalistic observation
40
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
41
Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
Descriptive statistics
42
A summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores
Fluency distribution
43
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Mean
44
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half are below
Median
45
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Mode
46
A person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system
Outliers
47
A bias toward one particular group or subject
Skew
48
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Range
49
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
Standard deviation
50
The fact or quality of being different, divergent, or inconsistent
Variance
51
Indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean
Z score
52
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes
Normal curve
53
A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
Correlation
54
A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1 to 1)
Correlation coefficient
55
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggest the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)
Scatterplot
56
A straight line drawn through the center of a group of data points plotted on a scatter plot
Line of best fit
57
A straight line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes
Regression line
58
Numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer form sample data the probability of something being true of a population
Inferential statistics
59
Error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken
Sampling error
60
The probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
P value
61
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Statistical significance
62
A committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
63
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats
Coercion
64
An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Informed consent
65
The lack of outstanding, individual, or unusual features; impersonality
Anonymity
66
Having another's trust or confidence; entrusted with secrets or private affairs
Confidentiality
67
The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Debriefing